1. Early 19c
Industrialization
in America:
The Market Revolution

2. ESSENTIAL QUESTION: What were the results of early 19c
industrialization
in America?

3. The
Transportation
Revolution

4. First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA
By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.

5. Cumberland (National Road), 1811

6. Conestoga Covered Wagons
Conestoga Trail, 1820s

7. Erie Canal System

8. Erie Canal, 1820s
Begun in 1817; completed in 1825

9. Robert Fulton & the Steamboat
1807: The Clermont

10. Principal Canals in 1840

11. Inland Freight Rates

12. Clipper Ships

13. The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)
1830  13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RR By 1850  9000 mi. of RR track [1860  31,000 mi.]

14. The Railroad Revolution, 1850s
Immigrant labor built the No. RRs.
Slave labor built the So. RRs.

15. New
Inventions:
"Yankee Ingenuity"

16. Resourcefulness & Experimentation
Americans were willing to try anything.
They were first copiers, then innovators.
1800  41 patents were approved.
1860  4,357 “ “ “

17. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791 Actually invented by a slave!

18. Eli Whitney’s Gun Factory Interchangeable Parts Rifle

19. Introduction of Factory System

20. First prototype of the locomotive
Oliver Evans
First automated flour mill
First prototype of the locomotive

21. John Deere & the Steel Plow (1837)

22. Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper: 1831

23. Jokes about wealth of agricultural produced in West (few in the East believed it)
For years, the reports of remarkable harvests in that distant portion of our country were not believed in the East. Thirty and sixty bushels of wheat, and seventy-five of corn, to the acre, was simply a "Western lie." Eastern farmers, accustomed to raise a few acres of grain, --five, ten, perhaps twenty acres,-- contemptuously sneered at the newspaper report of ten thousand acres of corn and wheat on a single farm.
I got a letter from a man who lives in my orchard just before I left home, and it had been three weeks getting to the dwelling-house, although it had been travelled day and night."
     "Distances are pretty wide up there, ain't they?" inquired a New Utrecht agriculturist.
     "Reasonably, reasonably," replied the Dakota man. "And the worst of it is, it breaks up families so. Two years ago I saw a whole family prostrated with grief, -- women yelling, children howling, and dogs barking. One of my men had his camp truck packed on seven four-mule teams, and he was around bidding everybody good-by."
     "Where was he going?" asked a Gravesend man.
     "He was going half-way across the farm to feed the pigs," replied the Dakota man.
     "Did he ever get back to his family?"
     "It isn't time for him yet," returned the Dakota gentlemen. "Up there we send young married couples to milk the cows, and their children bring home the milk."

24. Samuel F. B. Morse
1840 – Telegraph

25. Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

26. Elias Howe & Isaac Singer
1840s Sewing Machine

27. The “American Dream”
They all regarded material advance as the natural fruit of American republicanism & proof of the country’s virtue and promise.
A German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List, observed:
Anything new is quickly introduced here, including all of the latest inventions. There is no clinging to old ways. The moment an American hears the word “invention,” he pricks up his ears.

28. The Northern
Industrial
"Juggernaut"

29. Boom/Bust Cycles:
The blue line shows, for comparison, the price of a year’s tuition at Harvard College. In 1790 it was $24, but by 1860 had risen to $104.

30. Creating a Business-Friendly Climate
Supreme Court Rulings: * Fletcher v. Peck (1810) * Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819) * McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) * Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) * Charles Rivers Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1835)
General Incorporation Law  passed in New York, 1848.
Laissez faire  BUT, govt. did much to assist capitalism!

31. Distribution of Wealth
During the American Revolution, 45% of all wealth in the top 10% of the population.
1845 Boston  top 4% owned over 65% of the wealth.
1860 Philadelphia  top 1% owned over 50% of the wealth.
The gap between rich and poor was widening!

32. Samuel Slater (“Father of the Factory System”)

33. The Lowell/Waltham System: First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant
Francis Cabot Lowell’s town

34. Lowell in 1850

35. Lowell Mill

36. Early Textile Loom

37. New England Textile Centers: 1830s

38. New England Dominance in Textiles

39. Starting for Lowell

40. What was their typical “profile?”
Lowell Girls
What was their typical “profile?”

41. Lowell Boarding Houses What was boardinghouse life like?

42. Lowell Mills Time Table

43. Early “Union” Newsletter

44. The Factory Girl’s Garland
February 20, 1845 issue.

45. I’m a Factory Girl Filled with Wishes
I'm a factory girl Everyday filled with fear From breathing in the poison air Wishing for windows! I'm a factory girl Tired from the 13 hours of wok each day And we have such low pay Wishing for shorten work times! I'm a factory girl Never having enough time to eat Nor to rest my feet Wishing for more free time! I'm a factory girl Sick of all this harsh conditions Making me want to sign the petition! So do what I ask for because I am a factory girl And I'm hereby speaking for all the rest!

46. Irish Immigrant Girls at Lowell

47. The Early Union Movement
Workingman’s Party (1829) * Founded by Robert Dale Owen and others in New York City.
Early unions were usually local, social, and weak.
Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842).
Worker political parties were ineffective until the post-Civil War period.

48. What's
Happening in
America
by the 1850s?

49. Regional Specialization
EAST  Industrial
SOUTH  Cotton & Slavery
WEST  The Nation’s “Breadbasket”

50. American Population Centers in 1820

51. American Population Centers in 1860

52. National Origin of Immigrants: 1820 - 1860
Why now?

53. Life in the cities

54. “The Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner”
Know-Nothing Party:
“The Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner”

55. Changing Occupation Distributions: 1820 - 1860

56. Market Revolution
Transformed a subsistence economy of scattered farms and tiny workshops into a national network of industry and commerce
More and more farmhands, women linked their fate to market economy and self-sufficient households transformed
planted crops for sale and bought needed items
revolution in division of labor and status within the household

57. 1. Describe how industrialization and capitalism impacted the U. S
1. Describe how industrialization and capitalism impacted the U.S. economy.
2. Id the inventions that enhanced people’s lives and helped fuel the country’s economic growth
3. Explain how improved transportation and communication systems helped to link America’s regions and make them more interdependent.

58. 1. Describe how industrialization and capitalism impacted the U. S
1. Describe how industrialization and capitalism impacted the U.S. economy.
Market revolution, specialization, entrepreneurs finance and drive the economy, new inventions
2. Id the inventions that enhanced people’s lives and helped fuel the country’s economic growth
Goodyear vulcanized rubber, Elias Howe sewing machine, Samuel Morse’s Telegraph, steamboat (Fulton), canals (Erie), railroads
3. Explain how improved transportation and communication systems helped to link America’s regions and make them more interdependent.
Northeast (NY) becomes center of commerce, farming w/ John Deere’s steel plow and McCormicks’s mechanical reaper change type of farming and farmer, South where cotton is king (no factories)

59. The results of early 19c industrialization in America? ECONOMIC?
POLITICAL?
The results of
early 19c
industrialization
in America?
SOCIAL?
FUTURE PROBLEMS?