1. Habit is either the best of servants or the worst of masters.
9/22/2018
Title: Anat & Phys 4/23/07
Objectives: .
Class Topics
Atherosclerosis article
Notes – hemostasis
Test Review
Dissection
Metabolism
Habit is either the best of servants or the worst of masters.
Nathaniel Emmons
Saturday, September 22, :35 AM

2. Class Assignments Atherosclerosis article W.S. 4/23/07
9/22/2018
Class Assignments
What
By When
Atherosclerosis article W.S. 4/23/07
Cardiovascular System Test 4/27/07
Due this class period
Due next class period
Due in the future

3. 9/22/2018
Blood movement
Trace the blood from the heart to the right ulna and back to the heart.
Trace the blood from the heart to the heart muscle back to the heart.
Trace the blood from the heart to the stomach and back to the heart.

4. Hemostasis Stopping blood flow Three step process
9/22/2018
Hemostasis
Stopping blood flow
usually occurs when damage is done to blood vessel wall
Three step process
1. Blood vessel spasm
2. Platelet plug
3. Coagulation
Useful in smaller vessels

5. Hemostasis Stopping blood flow Three step process
9/22/2018
Hemostasis
Alex Zanardi
Stopping blood flow
usually occurs when damage is done to blood vessel wall
Three step process
1. Blood vessel spasm
2. Platelet plug
3. Coagulation
Useful in smaller vessels

6. 1. Blood vessel spasm Damage to the vessel wall
9/22/2018
1. Blood vessel spasm
Damage to the vessel wall
stimulates smooth muscle to contract
Can last for 30 minutes
in some cases this can complete close a blood vessel
Spasm can be prolonged by the release of serotonin by thrombocytes

7. From http://ntri.tamuk.edu/homepage-ntri/lectures/clotting.html
9/22/2018
From
2. Platelet plug
Arrive on the scene
increase in size and change shape
surface become sticky
allows them to adhere to collagen in blood vessel walls
also allows them to adhere to each other
Eventually forms a large clump
platelet plug (fig 12-11)

8. 9/22/2018
From:

9. Blood Coagulation Fibrinogen converts into fibrin
9/22/2018
Blood Coagulation
Fibrinogen converts into fibrin
stimulated by release of thromboplastin from damaged vessels and thrombocytes
Fibrin form a netting over platelets and other formed elements
blood clot
blood leakage is stopped
Repair begins

10. From: http://web.vet.cornell.edu/public
9/22/2018
From:
/popmed/clinpath/CPmodules/coags/primim.htm

11. 9/22/2018

12. 9/22/2018
Test Review
All notes in red are fair game for the test next class period.

13. Heart coverings figure 13-2
9/22/2018
Heart coverings figure 13-2
Pericardium
parietal pericardium - outer layer
visceral pericardium - inner layer, AKA epicardium
Fluid in between - pericardial cavity
acts as a lubricant
very serious problems if not present

14. Heart Wall Three layers epicardium - same as the visceral pericardium
9/22/2018
Heart Wall
Three layers
epicardium - same as the visceral pericardium
can contain fat deposits
myocardium - muscle of the heart
cardiac muscle
endocardium - squamous cells over connective tissue

15. Ventricles Muscular chambers thick layer of myocardium
9/22/2018
Ventricles
Muscular chambers
thick layer of myocardium
left wall is thickest
trabeculae carnea connect to papillary muscles
attach to valves

16. Valves Tricuspid valve Pulmonary semilunar valve
9/22/2018
Valves
Tricuspid valve
between rt. atrium & ventricle
Pulmonary semilunar valve
between rt. ventricle & pulmonary trunk
Mitral valve (bicuspid)
between left atrium & ventricle
Aortic semilunar valve
between left ventricle & aorta

17. 9/22/2018
Blood flow
Deoxygenated blood enters the heart from the inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, and the coronary sinus
From rt atrium to rt ventricle through the tricuspid valve
From rt ventricle to pulmonary trunk through the pulmonary semilunar valve

18. 9/22/2018
Blood flow
From the pulmonary trunk to the rt and left pulmonary arteries to the lungs
Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs in the pulmonary veins to the left atrium
From the left atrium to the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve

19. 9/22/2018
Blood flow
From the left ventricle to the aorta through the aortic semilunar valve
From the aorta to the rest of the body
Back to the right atrium through the inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, and coronary sinus

20. Fetal Heart Differs from newborn (and adult) heart
9/22/2018
Handout:
Heart and Fetal Heart
Fetal Heart
Differs from newborn (and adult) heart
Fetus receives oxygen from umbilical cord
Oxygenated blood enters heart from inferior vena cava.
Lungs can be bypassed

21. Fetal Heart Foramen ovale Ductus arteriosus
9/22/2018
Fetal Heart
Foramen ovale
hole between the right and left atrium
Ductus arteriosus
blood vessel between the pulmonary trunk and aorta
Both of the above close when the first breath is taken
change of pressure

22. 9/22/2018
Heart Physiology
Each beat is stimulated by an area in the right atrium near the superior vena cava called the Sinoatrial Node (SA Node).
SA Node is innervated by the autonomic nervous system
Pacemaker of the heart
Stimulates both atria to contract

23. 9/22/2018
Heart Physiology
SA Nodes sends impulse to the AV (atrioventricular) Node.
Located in the interatrial septum
Holds impulse for a short time (milliseconds) and passes electical impulse to AV Bundle (Bundles of His)
AV Bundles passes impulse to Purkinje fibers which stimulates the ventricles to contract

24. Branches of the Aorta Ascending aorta Arch of the Aorta
9/22/2018
Branches of the Aorta
Ascending aorta
Coronary arteries
supply blood to the heart
blockage can lead to myocardial infarction
Arch of the Aorta
Brachiocephalic artery
left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery

25. Branches of the Aorta Descending Aorta intercostal arteries
9/22/2018
Branches of the Aorta
Descending Aorta
intercostal arteries
celiac artery
superior mesenteric artery
suprarenal arteries
renal arteries
gonadal arteries
inferior mesenteric artery
common iliac arteries

26. Celiac Artery Branches into Gastric artery Hepatic artery
9/22/2018
Celiac Artery
Branches into
Gastric artery
Hepatic artery
Splenic artery
Pancreatic artery

27. Brachiocephalic Right common carotid artery Right subclavian artery
9/22/2018
Brachiocephalic
Right common carotid artery
External carotid artery - scalp, face, jaw
internal carotid artery - brain
Right subclavian artery
Vertebral artery (branch)
Axillary artery
Brachial artery
Radial artery
Ulnar artery

28. Left Common Carotid and Left Subclavian
9/22/2018
Left Common Carotid and Left Subclavian
Same branching as right side
No brachiocephalic

29. Superior vena cava Right and left brachiocephalic veins
9/22/2018
Superior vena cava
Right and left brachiocephalic veins
subclavian veins
Axillary veins
Brachial veins
Ulnar veins
Radial veins
jugular veins
interior jugular vein
exterior jugular vein

30. Inferior vena cava Hepatic vein Renal veins Common Iliac veins
9/22/2018
Inferior vena cava
Hepatic vein
Renal veins
Common Iliac veins
Gonadal veins (rt enters the CI, but left enters the renal vein)
Internal iliac veins

31. 9/22/2018
Hepatic Portal System
Blood from the small intestines, large intestines, stomach all enter the portal system
inferior mesenteric vein and superior mesenteric vein and gastric vein enter the hepatic portal vein to the liver

32. 9/22/2018
Blood movement
Trace the blood from the heart to the right ulna and back to the heart.
Trace the blood from the heart to the heart muscle and back to the heart.
Trace the blood from the heart to the stomach and back to the heart.

33. Plasma Proteins Albumins - Globulins Fibrinogen - precursor to fibrin
9/22/2018
Plasma Proteins
Albumins -
thicken the blood, used to maintain osmotic pressure
Globulins
gamma globulins
antibodies
Fibrinogen - precursor to fibrin
major role in blood clotting

34. 9/22/2018
Erythrocytes
Production stimulated by erythropoetin (hormone regulated by kidneys and liver)
Negative feedback (fig 12-8)
Recycling
hemoglobin is broken into biliverdin and bilirubin in the liver and used in bile
Iron in hemoglobin is recycled to be used again

35. Leukocytes 1 % of blood volume Contain a nucleus
9/22/2018
Leukocytes
1 % of blood volume
Contain a nucleus
Ability to leave cardiovascular system
Diapedesis
Function
protect the body from disease
phagocytic
collection of leukocytes - pus

36. 1. Blood vessel spasm Damage to the vessel wall
9/22/2018
1. Blood vessel spasm
Damage to the vessel wall
stimulates smooth muscle to contract
Can last for 30 minutes
in some cases this can complete close a blood vessel
Spasm can be prolonged by the release of serotonin by thrombocytes

37. From http://ntri.tamuk.edu/homepage-ntri/lectures/clotting.html
9/22/2018
From
2. Platelet plug
Arrive on the scene
increase in size and change shape
surface become sticky
allows them to adhere to collagen in blood vessel walls
also allows them to adhere to each other
Eventually forms a large clump
platelet plug (fig 12-11)

38. Blood Coagulation Fibrinogen converts into fibrin
9/22/2018
Blood Coagulation
Fibrinogen converts into fibrin
stimulated by release of thromboplastin from damaged vessels and thrombocytes
Fibrin form a netting over platelets and other formed elements
blood clot
blood leakage is stopped
Repair begins