1. Hematology
The study of Blood

2. State Standards
31) Identify the liquid and cellular components of blood using appropriate medical terminology. Summarize the structural characteristics, normal levels, function, and life span of each. Evaluate the information to explain how and where each component is manufactured (i.e., as with hematopoiesis and erythropoiesis) and what happens if there are complications with the development.
32) **Define hemostasis and explain the related mechanisms that involve the vasculature, platelets, and blood proteins. Relate how clotting factors assist with hemostasis, and describe the complications that arise if there is an abnormality with one of these factors.
33) Illustrate in a digital or 3D format the process of inflammation that occurs when tissue has been damaged in the body. Synthesize the inflammatory response process within the circulatory system using medical terminology, then translate information into a brochure that can be provided to a pediatric or geriatric patient. Use phrases and explanations that can be easily understood by each group.
34) Describe the roles of antigens and antibodies in the blood while explaining the ABO system and Rh classification system. In a lab setting with simulated blood, determine the ABO and Rh with an explanation of results written in a scientific method format.

3. Objectives
Students will determine the effect blood has on hemostasis in the body. Students will determine the structure of blood. Students will Analyze the function of each component of blood Students will understand the process of hemostasis Students will determine the function of antigens and antibodies found in blood. Students will demonstrate knowledge of the inflammation process through an educational brochure Students will demonstrate knowledge of ABO blood types and RH factors Students will demonstrate characteristics of common blood disorders through a blood model.

4. The Blood and Homeostasis
Function
Effect on the body
Nutritive
Transports nutrients from the small intestine or from storage sites to the tissues
Respiratory
Transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs
Excretory
Transports waste products such as lactic acid from the muscles and creatinine from the kidneys to the excretory organs
Regulatory
Transports hormones, circulates excess heat to the body surface, maintains water balance and constant environment for tissue cells
Protective
Circulates antibodies throughout the body to combat infection

5. Structure of Blood Average adult = 8-10 pints of blood Composition:
PLASMA – liquid portion of blood without cellular components
SERUM – plasma after a blood clot is formed
CELLULAR COMPONENTS – (elements are red cells, white cells and platelets)

7. Discussion Add to your notes
Relating what you know about the water content of plasma and what blood does to maintain homeostasis, why is it important to stay well hydrated?
Applying what you know about the different body systems and bloods role in homeostasis, list the body systems that blood is a key component in.
Draw a vial of blood showing the plasma portion and cellular components portion.

8. PLASMA Straw colored, liquid portion of blood contains… Water 92%
Blood proteins (discussed on next slides)
Plasma proteins
FIBRONOGEN – necessary for blood clotting, synthesized in the liver
ALBUMIN – from the liver, helps maintain blood’s osmotic pressure by pulling fluid from the tissues into the blood vessels
Globulin- formed in the liver and lymphatic system, helps to make antibodies that destroy pathogens
PROTHROMBIN – a globulin which helps blood coagulate. Vitamin K necessary for prothrombin synthesis.

9. Plasma also Contains Nutrients- absorbed through the digestive tract
Electrolytes-from food and chemical processes in the body (ex. Sodium and potassium)
Hormones, vitamins, enzymes- from endocrine glands and digestive system
Metabolic waste products- unneeded substances derived from acts of homeostasis

10. Discussion
Apply what you know about the components of plasma, if you suddenly found yourself without the plasma portion of your blood, what body processes would stop?

11. Shape = biconcave disc donut-shaped
ERYTHROCYTES
Shape = biconcave disc donut-shaped
Function = transports oxygen to tissues and carbon dioxide away from cells
Contain HEMOGLOBIN – gives red color,
heme is iron and globin is protein glue that holds oxygen to the red blood cell

12. They are the most common type of blood cell 20-30 trillion
A single red blood cell will live for about 120 days,
Completely circulates the body more than 75,000 times within its lifetime.
Manufactured in the bone marrow
Normal levels – men =14-18 gm
women = gm

13. Function of Hemoglobin
Red cells travel through the lungs where
O2 is carried to tissues and released
CO2 picked up and carried back to lungs for exchange
Arterial blood – lots of oxygen = bright red
Venous blood – lots of CO2 = dark crimson

14. What is carbon monoxide
poisoning?

15. LEUKOCYTES Larger than erythrocytes
White Blood Cells – LEUKOCYTES
Larger than erythrocytes
shorter life cycle than red blood cells, ranging from a few days to a few weeks.
The number of white blood cells in the blood varies greatly depending on whether they are fighting an infection.
They only make up approximately 1% of the blood volume in a healthy adult.
Normal leukocyte count = 3,200 – 9,800

16. Discussion
Why would leukocytes have a shorter life span than erythrocytes?
In times of infection what happens to the number of leukocytes? Explain Why?
Draw a leukocyte

17. 5 Types of White Blood Cells
Neutrophil %
Eosinophil 1 - 3%
Basophil %
Lymphocyte %
Monocyte 4 - 6%

18. Neutrophils
-Attach to the walls of the blood vessels, blocking the passageway of germs that try to gain access to the blood through a cut or infectious area. -First cells to reach an area where a breach in the body has been made. -They kill germs by means of a process known as phagocytosis or “cell-eating”.

19. PHAGOCYTOSIS – process when white cells surround, engulf, and digest harmful bacteria

20. Discussion What would result if there were no neutrophils?
After a bacteria is engulfed through phagocytosis, what happens?
Draw a neutrophil in the process of phagocytosis

21. Lymphocytes Lymphocytes make antibodies
Antibodies are a blood protein produced to fight foreign pathogens found in the body
These pathogens have “markers” known as antigens that the antibodies attach to.
They make memory cells ready that can go into action at any time, remembering a previous infection with a specific pathogen
Made in the bone marrow and thymus

22. Give an example of a common disease we are exposed to once and our lymphocytes remember and we are able to fight off if we come in contact with it again.
Do vaccinations work this same way?
Draw a leukocyte

23. Monocytes Largest White Blood Cell
Monocytes do the job of phagocytosis (cell-eating) of any type of dead cell in the body.
they have the ability to digest large foreign particles in a wound unlike other types of white blood cells.
Made in the bone marrow and spleen

24. Discussion
What other types of cells do Monocytes digest aside from bacteria?
Draw a monocyte

25. Basophil
 Act immediately as part of the immune system’s action against foreign invaders.
Basophils contain histamine, which dilates the vessels to bring more immune cells to the area of injury.
Capture pathogens by phagocytosis or cell eating

26. Discussion Why do basophils release histamine? What does histamine do?
Why is this needed?
Draw a Basophil

27. Eosinophil
 Eosinophils work by releasing toxins from their granules to kill pathogens.
The main pathogens eosinophils act against are parasites and worms.
High eosinophil counts are associated with allergic reactions.

28. Give examples of parasites that may get into the body?
Why do they release toxins rather than try to eat the bacteria like many of the other leukocytes do?
Draw a Eosinophil

30. THROMBOCYTES (Platelets)
Smallest Component of blood
Created in the red bone marrow
Necessary for the initiation of the blood clotting process COAGULATION
Cluster together to form a physical barrier against bleeding

31. Complete Blood Cell Count
A healthy adult has about 4.5 to 5 million red blood cells and approximately 8,000 white blood cells in each drop of blood.
Determining the number of red and white blood cells can assist a healthcare specialist in the diagnosis of disease
A complete blood cell count (CBC) is a common procedure performed to determine the number of red and white blood cells in an individual.

32. Activity With a partner read the Complete Blood Cell Count Activity
Follow the lab instructions and complete the virtual lab.
Individually complete the review questions at the bottom of the lab activity
You will turn these in

33. Response to Injury

34. INFLAMMATION Body’s reaction to chemical or physical trauma
PATHOGENIC – disease producing microorganisms can cause inflammation
Symptoms – redness, local heat, swelling and pain
Why? Bacterial toxins, increased blood flow, collection of plasma in tissues (edema)
HISTAMINE increases the blood flow to the injured area
PUS produced – a combination of dead tissue, dead and living bacteria, dead leukocytes and plasma
ABSCESS – pus-filled cavity below the epidermis
PYREXIA – increase in body temperature by the hypothalamus – in response to pathogenic invasion

35. LEUKOCYTOSIS – increase in the number of white cells in response to infection
LEUKOPENIA – decrease in number of white cells due to chemotherapy or radiation

36. Discussion
During an injury histamine increases blood flow to the injury. Why would you want this?
Is the presence of Pus a bad sign during an infection?

37. Inflammatory Response Made Easy
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Activity
With a partner create a brochure that outlines the inflammatory process (steps of the process, and an example)
Make the brochure for a Pediatric or Geriatric population
It will need to be easily read and understood

38. Hemostasis
Process of Coagulation Cut or injury  platelets and injured tissue release THROMBOPLASTIN  act on PROTHROMBIN in plasma  + Calcium ions converts to THROMBIN  the thrombin acts as an enzyme and changes FIBRINOGEN  FIBRIN creating a mesh that traps red blood cells, platelets and plasma creating a blood clot. ANTICOAGULANTS – prevent blood clotting ex. HEPARIN

39. Hemostasis animation

40. Discussion What is the purpose of coagulation in the body?
What would happen if you received a superficial cut and your blood was unable to coagulate?
Activity
With your partner make another brochure explaining hemostasis to a pediatric or geriatric population

41. Blood typing

42. BLOOD TYPES A B O AB AB Four major types of blood- A, B, AB and O
Inherited from parents
Determined by presence or absence of an ANTIGEN on the surface of the red blood cell A B O AB AB

43. Someone with type A blood has b antibodies
ANTIBODY – a protein in the plasma that will inactivate a foreign substance that enters the body.
Someone with type A blood has b antibodies
Someone with type B blood has a antibodies
Someone with type AB blood has no antibodies
Someone with type O blood has a and b antibodies

44. If you have it, you’re Rh + If you don’t, you’re Rh –
Red cells also may contain Rh factor
If you have it, you’re Rh +
If you don’t, you’re Rh –

46. Activity
With a partner
Complete the “Are you my Type” Blood typing lab activity
Complete the review questions at the bottom.

47. Blood typing video

48. Blood Typing Game
odtypinggame/

49. DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD ANEMIA IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA APLASTIC ANEMIA
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
POLYCYTHEMIA
EMBOLISM
THROMBOSIS
HEMATOMA

50. DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD
HEMOPHILIA
THROMBOCYTOPENIA
LEUKEMIA

51. IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
Usually in women, children and adolescents
Deficiency of iron in the diet causing insufficient hemoglobin
Treat with iron supplements and green, leafy vegetables

52. APLASTIC ANEMIA
Bone marrow does not produce enough red and white blood cells
Caused by drugs or radiation therapy

53. SICKLE CELL ANEMIA Chronic blood disease inherited from both parents
Causes the red cells to form in abnormal sickle shape
Sickle cells break easily and carry less oxygen
Occurs primarily in African Americans
Treatment – blood transfusions

54. Discussion
Applying what you know about red blood cells and their function. What would be a characteristic that each of these anemias would share?

55. POLYCYTHEMIA
Too many red blood cells are formed
May be a temporary condition that occurs at high altitude

56. EMBOLISM
Air, blood clot, cancer cells, fat, etc. that is carried by the bloodstream until it reaches an artery too small for passage
Also known as a “moving blood clot”

57. THROMBOSIS The formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel
The blood clot is a THROMBUS
Stationary

58. Discussion
When a vessel becomes occluded by an embolism or thrombis, what happens to the tissues fed by that vessel?
What vital components are they not able to receive?

59. HEMATOMA
Localized clotted mass of blood found in an organ, tissue or space.
Caused by an injury that can cause a blood vessel to rupture

60. HEMOPHILIA Hereditary Missing clotting factor
Blood clots slow or abnormally
Sex-linked – transmitted genetically from mothers to sons
Treatment: artificially provide missing clotting factor, avoid trauma

61. THROMBOCYTOPENIA
Not enough platelets
Blood will not clot properly

62. Discussion
People who suffer from clotting disorders such as hemophilia and thrombocytopenia, have to be conscious of small everyday injuries. Give examples of small injuries that could be dangerous. Why would they have the potential to be deadly?

63. LEUKEMIA Malignant condition
Overproduction of immature white blood cells
Hinders synthesis of red cells
Treatment: Research on cord blood

64. Activity
Within your assigned groups you will create 3D models of different blood disorders
Water= plasma
Red beans=red blood cells
White Beans=white blood cells
Rice =platelets
Create Aplastic anemia, polycythemia, thrombocytopenia Label each (discuss the root cause of these conditions)
Use the ipads/phone and research these disorders (find symptoms, treatment, and fun facts about each)
Create a informational pamphlet about each with your research Cite your source

65. Individual activity Complete the review questions on p. 235 #1,2, 6
Do #1 under applying theory p. 237
Case Study # 2, 7