1. Systems of the Body

2. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
FUNCTION: The nervous system controls & coordinates everything in the body. This includes all movement and all of the activities of the organs & organ systems.

3. MAJOR PARTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Brain: The controls center of the nervous system, and the whole body
Spinal cord: Carries messages to and from the brain.
Neurons (nerves) are the special cells that carry the messages through the body.

4. A neuron is long and thin to send messages through the body
The nervous system sends electrical signals throughout the body.
A signal travels through several neurons to the brain.
The brain then sends messages back out to the rest of the body.

5. Brain
Spinal Cord
Nerves

6. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM:
Function: The circulatory system & respiratory system work together to supply cells with the oxygen and nutrients they need to stay alive.

7. The Main Parts:
1. The heart
Atria: 2 upper chambers, receive blood from the body
Ventricles: 2 lower chambers, pump blood out of heart
Valves: Regulate the flow of blood through the heart

8. 2. Blood vessels:
Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood to the heart
Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood to the heart
Capillaries: The smallest, bring nutrients & oxygen to the tissues & absorb carbon dioxide & other waste products from them

9. 3. Blood:
Red blood cells: Contain hemoglobin & carry oxygen
White blood cells: Infection fighters
Platelets: Clot blood
Plasma: The liquid part of blood

10. The Flow of Blood Through the Body: Heart  Arteries  Capillaries  Veins  back to heart Diagram the Flow of Blood:

11. THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Function:
The basic function of the human respiratory system is the exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide between the blood, air and tissues. In addition, air entering the respiratory system is warmed, moistened & cleaned before it enters the lungs.
Main Parts:
Nose (& mouth): air enters here
Pharynx: serves as a passageway for both AIR & food
Epiglottis covers the entrance to the trachea when you swallow (so food does not go into lungs

12. Define:
1. Gas exchange: Oxygen diffuses into the blood & carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood out into the lung
Breathing: The taking in of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide waste into the air
Diaphragm: Muscle that controls breathing by moving up & down

13. Larynx: contains two elastic folds of tissue called vocal cords
Trachea: also known as the windpipe
Bronchi: two large passageways in the chest cavity, each bronchus leads into one the lungs
Alveoli of lungs: tiny air sacs (like grapes) where gas is exchanged

14. Flow of air through the body:
Nose Trachea  Bronchi  Bronchioles
 Alveoli of the lungs

15. THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM FUNCTIONS:
Muscle allow organs & bones of the body to move.
The fibers that make up muscle, “contract”. The contraction makes the whole muscle shorter which allows them to move organs and bones.

16. 3 TYPES OF MUSCLE 1. Skeletal: Attaches to bone & allows for movement 2. Smooth: Found in the walls of the stomach, intestines & blood vessels. Helps materials move through these structures 3. Cardiac: Makes the heart beat to send blood to the body.

17. HOW DO MUSCLES MOVE BONES?
Muscles contract and cause bones to move.
Tendon: Attaches a muscle to a bone
Muscles work in pairs to cause movement:
Ex: Bicep contracts & tricep relaxes  arm bends
Bicep relaxes & tricep contracts  arm straightens

18. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Functions: - supports the body
- protects the organs
- allows the body to move
- makes blood cells
Parts of the skeletal system:
- bones
- ligaments
- tendons
- cartilage

19. There are 206 bones in the human body.
Bones are living tissue that grow and need blood.
Bones have blood vessels inside of them and are made of cells
Types of Bone Tissue:
1. Compact: Layer of hard bone that covers all bone
2. Spongy: Surrounded by the compact bone, it has many holes & spaces in it. Makes bones lighter.
3. Bone marrow: Soft tissue inside of bones makes blood cells

21. WHAT ARE JOINTS? A joint is where 2 or more bones meet & allow for movement

22. Joints are held together by a tough band of tissue called a ligament Tough & flexible cartilage might cover the ends of a bone to allow for smooth movement between bones

23. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: Function:
The digestive system converts food into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of the body.
The Parts of the Digestive System:
1. Key organs
Mouth – food is chewed & mashed into paste and salivary glands secrete saliva which contains enzymes

24. Esophagus Muscular tube that contracts, pushing food into the stomach
Stomach Muscular sac that churns, continuing the breakdown of food mechanically & chemically with enzymes
Small Intestine long tube where most of the nutrient molecules are absorbed into cells
Large Intestine Removes water from
undigested food material. Also called
the colon

25. Accessory Organs
Pancreas Secretes hormones to control blood sugar (insulin) and enzymes to digest starch, fat, protein.
Liver Produces bile which dissolves fat
Gall bladder Stores bile before entering small intestine

26. Wall of small intestine
Define:
Mechanical digestion: Physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces by the teeth & churning stomach
Chemical digestion: Enzymes chemically break food into smaller pieces in the mouth, stomach & small intestine
Villi: Finger-like projections in the small intestine which increase the surface area so more nutrients can be absorbed
Wall of small
intestine

27. THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM:
Function: The basic function of the human excretory system is the removal of waste from the cells and body. The skin excretes excess water and salts in the form of sweat. The lungs excrete carbon dioxide. The kidneys play a major role in excretion and remove waste products from the blood, maintain blood pH and regulate the water content of the blood and, therefore homeostasis.

28. THE MAIN PARTS:
Kidneys = located on either side of the backbone and partially protected by the ribcage
Blood enters the kidney and is cleaned and filtered.
Urea (a toxic substance), excess salts, and water are removed from the blood and form urine.
Once filtered, clean blood leaves the kidney and returns to circulation.

29. Nephrons = the functional, blood-filtering units of the kidney
Ureters= 2 tubes, one leaving each kidney, carry urine to the urinary bladder
Bladder= a saclike organ where urine is stored before being excreted
Urethra= a tube that carries urine form the bladder & releases it from the body

30. DEFINE:
Urea = Nitrogen containing waste made by the body
Dialysis = Blood is removed from the body, cleaned by a machine & then returned to the body
UREA REMOVAL FROM THE BODY:
Kidneys  Ureter Bladder  Urethra released from body

31. THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS:
The main function of the reproductive systems is to make egg and sperm cells which will combine to make a zygote (offspring)

32. Male Reproduction
The function of the male reproductive system is to produce and deliver sperm.
Sperm are made in the testes through the process of meiosis.
In human males, sperm are haploid & have 23 chromosomes

33. Male Reproductive System
Urinary bladder
Vas deferens
Pubic bone
Seminal vesicle
Urethra
Rectum
Penis
Prostate gland
Epididymis
Bulbourethral gland
Testis
Scrotum

34. Female Reproductive system
The functions of the female reproductive system include:
To produce eggs
To receive sperm
Provide an environment that a baby can develop in

35. How are eggs produced & released in females?
ovaries: 2 ovaries are where eggs are made through meiosis. 1 egg is released each month called ovulation
fallopian tube: tube the egg travels through one it is released from the ovary. (also called oviduct) there are 2 fallopian tubes.
uterus: fist sized organ where an embryo grows.
vagina: passageway to the outside of the body
- baby is born through this passageway and
sperm are deposited here

36. cervix: small opening at the bottom of the uterus which leads into the vagina. Opens when a baby is born. Otherwise small so menstrual blood can exit the body.
If a successful pregnancy is to occur, the egg must be fertilized by the sperm in the fallopian tube/oviduct.
The fertilized egg is called a zygote and must then implant into the uterus, where it will develop for 9 month
If fertilization hasn’t occurred, the egg then travels into the uterus, through the cervix and into the vagina and out the body.