1. The Constitutional Convention

2. Fixing the Articles of Confederation
In 1787, representatives from every state (except Rhode Island) met in Philadelphia to fix the Articles.
The meeting became known as the Constitutional Convention because they didn’t just fix the Articles, they wrote an entirely new system of government - the Constitution.

3. Fixing the Articles of Confederation (cont.)
Some states brought up a new idea: why not create three branches of government.
Legislative - with a Congress to make laws
Executive - with a President to enforce laws
Judicial - with courts to interpret laws
One major problem remained: How many votes did each state get in Congress?

4. Voting in Congress
Under the Articles, each state only got one vote regardless of population size
Large states felt this wasn’t fair, and demanded more influence in Congress
Small states felt it was just fine, believing a one- vote-per-state system meant all states had the same amount of power

5. Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan
Two plans emerged:
Virginia Plan
New Jersey Plan
Legislative branch has two chambers
Number of votes for each state depends of the state’s population
Legislative branch has one chamber
Each state gets one vote

6. The Solution
The Constitution was a compromise that both sides agreed on
Congress would be divided into two chambers:
Senate - each state gets two votes
House of Representatives - the more people a state has, the more votes it gets
The Senate favored small states, while the House favored large states

7. The Solution (cont.)
The Constitution also fixed other problems in the Articles of Confederation:
It required states to treat citizens from other states the same as their own citizens; the Articles didn’t
It only needed a ¾ majority vote to change the Constitution; the Articles needed unanimous agreement from every state
It declared federal laws as superior to state laws, meaning states were now required to follow the laws Congress passed

8. What were the effects of British rule?
Cause: The British government treated the American colonists harshly.
Effect: Many American colonists feared a powerful government.

9. What were the effects of British rule?
Cause: Many former colonists feared losing their freedom to a new government.
Effect: The new Americans made sure their new government could not take away states’ freedom and independence.

10. What were the effects of British rule?
Cause: The British government taxed the American colonists unfairly.
Effect: The new Americans made sure their new government did not have the power to collect taxes.

11. What problems did the AoC lead to?
Cause: The government under the Articles of Confederation could not collect taxes to raise money.
Effect: The government could not pay its debts from the Revolutionary War, and America lost standing with other nations.

12. What problems did the AoC lead to?
Cause: The legislature created by the Articles of Confederation gave equal power to large and small states.
Effect: Large states were unhappy because, with bigger populations, they thought they should have more power.

13. What problems did the AoC lead to?
Cause: The Articles of Confederation did not create any courts.
Effect: When a problem arose between states, there was nowhere to settle the dispute.

14. What problems did the Constitution solve?
Cause: Small and large states could not agree on how power should be divided in the legislature.
Effect: The new Constitution split the legislature so states had equal power in one half and power based on population in the other.

15. What problems did the Constitution solve?
Cause: States could and did ignore laws passed by the Congress created by the Articles of Confederation.
Effect: The new Constitution said laws passed by Congress are superior to state laws.

16. What problems did the Constitution solve?
Cause: Independent states made laws that penalized out- of-state businesses and citizens.
Effect: The new Constitution required states to treat citizens of other states the same as they treat their own citizens.