Do now activity #2 Name all the DNA base pairs.

Do now activity #2 Name all the DNA base pairs.
How many parts does a nucleotide have? Name all of them. Explain why DNA has 4 possible nucleotides. Draw each one out. How many hydrogen bonds do Adenine & Thymine share? How many hydrogen bonds do Cytosine & Guanine share?

Chapter 2-2: protein synthesis
Essential Question How does the genetic code of DNA result in the production of proteins? Learning Targets Explain how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins. Develop a model demonstrating the creation of a protein from DNA that includes the macromolecules and organelles involved Chapter 2-2: protein synthesis

**There will be NO MAKE-UPS for this lab**
announcements Biology Tutoring this week Lunch B (Tuesday & Thursday) 7:00AM (Monday – Friday) No after school Biology Tutoring this week. Lab is scheduled for 09/07/16* **There will be NO MAKE-UPS for this lab**

announcements Available Extra Credit: Tissue Box = 2 Points
Hydrogen Peroxide = 5 Points

Don’t forget to chunk your notes!

DNA is like a set of instructions.
review cyclins DNA is like a set of instructions.

Some people think of DNA as map of directions.
review cyclins Some people think of DNA as map of directions.

And others think DNA is like a recipe.
review cyclins And others think DNA is like a recipe.

Function of DNA: Stores genetic ____ .
review cyclins Function of DNA: Stores genetic ____ .

overview Function of RNA:
to move genetic information from the ___ to the ___ for protein synthesis. Nucleus/cytoplasm

Structure of RNA: made of ___ .
overview nucleotides Structure of RNA: made of ___ .

overview 3 Types of RNA 1. mRNA 2. rRNA 3. tRNA cyclins

“messenger” mRNA – transcribes DNA’s message
overview cyclins “messenger” mRNA – transcribes DNA’s message

“ribosomal” rRNA – translates the mRNA
overview cyclins “ribosomal” rRNA – translates the mRNA

“transfer” tRNA – carries amino acids
overview cyclins “transfer” tRNA – carries amino acids

The picture is most similar to what type of RNA?
Question #1 The picture is most similar to what type of RNA? cyclins

The sugar is ______ in RNA.
How is it different? ribose The sugar is ______ in RNA.

How is it different? single RNA is ______ stranded.

RNA uses __ instead of Thymine.
How is it different? Uracil RNA uses __ instead of Thymine.

Tell me about the picture. Defend your answer.
Question #4 Tell me about the picture. Defend your answer. DNA because: double stranded, base T

Tell me about the picture. Defend your answer.
Question #5 Tell me about the picture. Defend your answer. RNA because: single stranded, base U

How is it different? DNA G C T A RNA C G A U

Protein: made up of _____ ______
Protein synthesis Amino Acids Synthesis: “to make” Protein: made up of _____ ______

mRNA is transcribed from DNA
Protein synthesis Step #1 mRNA is transcribed from DNA

Protein synthesis Step #2 mRNA leaves nucleus

mRNA travels to a ribosome
Protein synthesis Step #3 mRNA travels to a ribosome

The rRNA translates the mRNA
Protein synthesis Step #4 The rRNA translates the mRNA

tRNA brings the correct A__ A__
Protein synthesis Amino Acid Step #5 tRNA brings the correct A__ A__

the amino acids link together to form a protein
Protein synthesis Step #6 the amino acids link together to form a protein

transcription C A T G DNA Strand “information”

transcription C A T G DNA Strand “information” code for an amino acid

transcription DNA Strand “information” C A T G code for
another amino acid

transcription RNA nucleotides added DNA Strand “information” G C U A C

transcription C C G A T DNA Strand “information”

transcription DNA Strand “information” covalent bond formed
catalyzed by RNA polymerase C C C G A T DNA Strand “information”

transcription C C U C G A T DNA Strand “information”

transcription C C U G C G A T DNA Strand “information”

transcription C C U G A C G A T DNA Strand “information”

transcription C C U G A A C G A T DNA Strand “information”

transcription C C U G A A G C G A T DNA Strand “information”

transcription C C U G A A G A C G A T DNA Strand “information”

transcription C U A G C G A T DNA Strand “information”

transcription DNA Strand “information” New Strand is part of
messenger RNA C C U G A A G A G C G A T DNA Strand “information”

“CODON” : Every 3 bases is a code for an amino acid.
transcription mRNA C U A G Codon Codon Codon “CODON” : Every 3 bases is a code for an amino acid.

How does tRNA know what amino acid to bring?
translation How does tRNA know what amino acid to bring?

How does tRNA know what amino acid to bring?
translation How does tRNA know what amino acid to bring? It uses the genetic code table.

The Genetic Code U C A G U C A G 2nd Base 1st Base 3rd Base
phenylalanine leucine isoleucine methionine valine serine proline threonine alanine tyrosine STOP histidine glutamine asparagine lysine aspartate glutamate cysteine tryptophan U C A G arginine glycine 2nd Base The Genetic Code 1st Base 3rd Base

mRNA C U A G codon site on ribosome

The Genetic Code U C A G U C A G 2nd Base U C A G U C A 1st Base 3rd G
phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U C A G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U leucine serine STOP STOP leucine serine STOP tryptophan leucine proline histidine arginine U C A G leucine proline histidine arginine C 1st Base leucine proline glutamine arginine 3rd Base leucine proline glutamine arginine isoleucine threonine asparagine serine U C A G isoleucine threonine asparagine serine A isoleucine threonine lysine arginine methionine threonine lysine arginine valine alanine aspartate glycine U C A G valine alanine aspartate glycine G valine alanine glutamate glycine valine alanine glutamate glycine

phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U C A G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U leucine serine STOP STOP leucine serine STOP tryptophan leucine proline histidine arginine U leucine proline histidine arginine C C 1st Base leucine proline glutamine arginine A 3rd Base leucine proline glutamine arginine G isoleucine threonine asparagine serine U C A G isoleucine threonine asparagine serine A isoleucine threonine lysine arginine methionine threonine lysine arginine valine alanine aspartate glycine U C A G valine alanine aspartate glycine G valine alanine glutamate glycine valine alanine glutamate glycine

mRNA C U A G codon A G proline anticodon tRNA amino acid

phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U C A G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U leucine serine STOP STOP leucine serine STOP tryptophan leucine proline histidine arginine U C A G leucine proline histidine arginine C 1st Base leucine proline glutamine arginine 3rd Base leucine proline glutamine arginine isoleucine threonine asparagine serine U C A G isoleucine threonine asparagine serine A isoleucine threonine lysine arginine methionine threonine lysine arginine valine alanine aspartate glycine U valine alanine aspartate glycine C G valine alanine glutamate glycine A valine alanine glutamate glycine G

mRNA C U A G A G proline C U U glutamate

mRNA C U A G A G proline C U U glutamate peptide bond forms

mRNA C U A G A G C U U tRNA released proline glutamate

phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U C A G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U leucine serine STOP STOP leucine serine STOP tryptophan leucine proline histidine arginine U C A G leucine proline histidine arginine C 1st Base leucine proline glutamine arginine 3rd Base leucine proline glutamine arginine isoleucine threonine asparagine serine U C A G isoleucine threonine asparagine serine A isoleucine threonine lysine arginine methionine threonine lysine arginine valine alanine aspartate glycine U valine alanine aspartate glycine C G valine alanine glutamate glycine A valine alanine glutamate glycine G

C U A G C U U C U C proline glutamate glutamate

C U A G U C C U C proline glutamate glutamate Protein

Terminating Protein Synthesis
translation Terminating Protein Synthesis 3 STOP codons Protein released

The Genetic Code U C A G U C A G 2nd Base 1st Base 3rd Base
phenylalanine leucine isoleucine methionine valine serine proline threonine alanine tyrosine STOP histidine glutamine asparagine lysine aspartate glutamate cysteine tryptophan U C A G arginine glycine 2nd Base The Genetic Code 1st Base 3rd Base

Why do we need protein?

One example is…

…we need them to assist with reactions.

REACTANT + REACTANT  PRODUCT(S) REACTANT + REACTANT  PRODUCT(S)
Reactions A process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals. Chemical reactions always involve changes to the chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds. REACTANT + REACTANT  PRODUCT(S) REACTANT + REACTANT  PRODUCT(S)

Reactions Exothermic Reaction Exothermic reaction
Chemical reactions that release energy often occur spontaneously (automatically)

Reactions Endothermic Reaction Endothermic reaction
Chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy

What are spontaneous reactions?
spontaneous reactions occur naturally

If a reaction requires energy to start, what does it need?
Reactions If a reaction requires energy to start, what does it need? Some reactions need to have energy added to start them Called activation energy

Reactions Some reactions need to have energy added to start them
Called activation energy

How come the reaction will not occur faster?
Reactions How come the reaction will not occur faster? Sometimes the amount of activation energy needed is too high and the reactions will not occur fast enough We have a way of overcoming this problem-enzymes

Reactions Sometimes the amount of activation energy needed is too high and the reactions will not occur fast enough We have a way of overcoming this problem-enzymes

Reactions The hydrogen peroxide turned into water and oxygen. What was different about THIS reaction? Sometimes the amount of activation energy needed is too high and the reactions will not occur fast enough We have a way of overcoming this problem-enzymes

Enzymes A catalyst speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.

Enzymes It lowers the activation energy.

Enzymes An enzyme IS a protein.

Enzymes An enzyme IS a catalyst.

Enzymes AMYLASE GALACTASE SUCRASE LIPASE

Reactions Enzymes bind to ONE substrate
The catalyst binds to a substrate the reactant that is being sped up. Enzymes bind to only one substrate Enzymes are reusable Enzymes are affected by pH and Temperature

Reactions Enzymes are reusable The catalyst binds to a substrate
the reactant that is being sped up. Enzymes bind to only one substrate Enzymes are reusable Enzymes are affected by pH and Temperature

Reactions Enzymes are affected by: pH Temperature Concentration
The catalyst binds to a substrate the reactant that is being sped up. Enzymes bind to only one substrate Enzymes are reusable Enzymes are affected by pH and Temperature

Practice problems

Intervention Question #1A
What would be the sequence for the complementary DNA strand? cyclins

Intervention Question #1B
What would be the sequence for the mRNA strand? cyclins

Intervention Question #1c
What would be the sequence for the tRNA strand? cyclins

Intervention Question #1ABC
What would be the sequence for the complementary DNA mRNA tRNA strand? cyclins

Difference between dna & rna bases
G C T A RNA C G A U

What is the complementary DNA sequence? Template DNA: T A G cyclins

What is the mRNA sequence? Template DNA: T A G Complementary DNA: A T C cyclins

What is the tRNA sequence? Template DNA: T A G Complementary DNA: A T C mRNA: U A G cyclins

What are the C’DNA, mRNA, & tRNA sequences? Template DNA: T A G Complementary DNA: A T C mRNA: U A G tRNA: A U C cyclins

G C T A RNA C G A U

What is the complementary DNA sequence? Template DNA: A A C cyclins

What is the mRNA sequence? Template DNA: A A C Complementary DNA: T T G cyclins

What is the tRNA sequence? Template DNA: A A C Complementary DNA: T T G mRNA: A A C cyclins

What are the C’DNA, mRNA, & tRNA sequences? Template DNA: A A C Complementary DNA: T T G mRNA: A A C tRNA: U U G cyclins

G C T A RNA C G A U

What is the complementary DNA sequence? Template DNA: T T A cyclins

What is the mRNA sequence? Template DNA: T T A Complementary DNA: A A T cyclins

What is the tRNA sequence? Template DNA: T T A Complementary DNA: A A T mRNA: U U A cyclins

What are the C’DNA, mRNA, & tRNA sequences? Template DNA: T T A Complementary DNA: A A T mRNA: U U A tRNA: A A U cyclins

G C T A RNA C G A U

Do now activity #2 Name all the DNA base pairs.

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Do now activity #2 Name all the DNA base pairs.

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