1. Classification
Chapter 18

2. Classification – the grouping of objects or information based on similarities
Taxonomy – the branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of their different characteristics

3. Aristotle, a Greek philosopher, developed the first accepted system
Carlous Linnaeus made improvements on Aristotle’s system
Based on physical and structural similarities of organisms

4. Binomial nomenclature – a two-word naming system
Bi – two
nomial – number
nomenclature – name
The first word indicates the genus (uppercased)
The second word indicates the species (lowercased)

5. When typed, the two names are italicized
Example – Canis familiaris (dog)
When handwritten, the two names are underlined
Example – Gorilla gorilla (Western gorilla)

6. Scientific and Common Names
Latin is the language of scientific names
Advantages of using Latin
Not a national language
The language does not change
Scientific names are unique

7. Scientific and Common Names
Common names are used as nicknames
An organism may have a different common name in different countries
Scientific name – Passer domesticus
Common names
U.S. and England – house sparrow
Holland –huismus

8. Taxonomic Rankings Taxon – a taxonomic group Mnemonic device Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Mnemonic device
Did
King
Phillip
Come
Over
For
Great
Spaghetti

9. Taxonomic Rankings
Phylum is known as division in Kingdom Plantae

10. Taxonomic Rankings Domain – the most inclusive taxon
Species – the least inclusive taxon

13. Taxonomic Rankings Classification Brown Bear House Cat Dog
Killer Whale
Wolf
Domain
Eukarya
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Order
Carnivora
Cetacea
Family
Ursidae
Felidae
Canidae
Delphinidae
Genus
Ursus
Felis
Canis
Orcinus
Species
Ursus arctos
Felis catus
Canis familiaris
Orcinus orca
Canis lupus

14. Dichotomous Key
Dichotomous key – a series of questions answered by “yes” or “no”, and each question is a choice between two characteristics
A tool used in plant or animal identification

15. Dichotomous Key a. Coin is silver in color ………………………… go to step 2
b. Coin is not silver in color ………………………… go to step 4
a. Coin has ridges around the edge …………………… go to step 3
b. Coin doesn’t have ridges around edge……………… Nickel
a. Coin has a picture of George Washington…………. Quarter
b. Coin doesn’t have a picture of G. Washington …….. Dime
a. Coin has a man with a beard on it………………….. Penny
b. Coin doesn’t have a man with a beard on it………… Dollar

16. Candy Dichotomous Key a. packaged go to step 2
b. un-packaged go to step 3
a. boxed ?
b. wrapper go to step 4
a. soft ?
b. hard go to step 5
a. plastic wrapper go to step 10
b. wax paper wrapper go to step 6
a. round shaped go to step 7
b. not round shaped ?
a. on a stick ?
b. not on a stick ?
a. sphere-shaped go to step 8
b. oval-shaped go to step 9
a. multi-colored ?
b. pale yellow colored ?
9. a. circular shaped (should be marked with an “s”) ?
b. A little less circular shaped (should be marked with an “m”) ?
10. a. red-colored candy ?
b. yellow-colored candy ?

17. Candy Dichotomous Key a. packaged go to step 2
b. un-packaged go to step 3
a. boxed Sugar Babies
b. wrapper go to step 4
a. soft Gummy Bears
b. hard go to step 5
a. plastic wrapper go to step 10
b. wax paper wrapper go to step 6
a. round shaped go to step 7
b. not round shaped Mike and Ikes
a. on a stick Dum Dum Lollipops
b. not on a stick Tootsie Rolls
a. sphere-shaped go to step 8
b. oval-shaped go to step 9
a. multi-colored Gobstoppers
b. pale yellow colored Unpackaged Lemon Heads
9. a. circular shaped (should be marked with an “s”) Skittles
b. A little less circular shaped (should be marked with an “m”) M&M’s
10. a. red-colored candy Atomic Fireball
b. yellow-colored candy Packaged Lemon Heads

18. Cladogram
A branching treelike diagram used to illustrate evolutionary relationships among organisms

19. Cladogram
Common ancestor

20. Domains
Three domain levels
Eukarya
Archaea
Bacteria

21. Linnaeus established two kingdoms: Animalia and Plantae
Since then, it has expanded from two to five
Monera – Prokaryotes (cells without nuclei)
Protista – Eukaryotes (cells with nuclei)
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

22. Today, there are six kingdoms (Monera is divided into two kingdoms)
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

23. Kingdoms Six kingdoms Eubacteria - Bacteria
Archaebacteria – “Old” bacteria
Protista – The “leftover” kingdom
Fungi – Mushrooms and molds
Plantae - Plants
Animalia - Animals

25. Terms to know:
Prokaryote – a cell without a nucleus; a simple cell that is small
Eukaryote – a cell with a nucleus; more complex cell that is larger than a prokaryotic cell

26. Terms to know:
Cell wall – used for protection and support

27. Terms to know: Unicellular – an one celled organism
Multicellular – an organism with more than one cell

28. Terms to know: Autotroph – organism that can make its own nutrients
Heterotroph – an organism that obtains its nutrients from other organisms (can’t make its own food)

29. Domain Bacteria This domain is the same as Kingdom Eubacteria
Bacteria is the most abundant organisms on Earth
Prokaryotes
Salmonella

30. Domain Archaea This domain is the same as Kingdom Archaebacteria
Prokaryotes
Can be found in extreme environments
Extremophiles - Salt lakes, hot springs, and ocean floors
Methanogens – Live in oxygen-free environments

31. Domain Eukarya Kingdom Cell Wall Unicellular or Multicellular
Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes
Nutrients
Protista
Some species have them
Can be uni- or multi-
Eukaryotes
Can be autotroph or heterotroph
Fungi
Yes
Eu-
Hetero-
Plantae
Multi-
Auto-
Animalia No