OPERATING SYSTEM AND APPLICATION PROGRAMS

OPERATING SYSTEM AND APPLICATION PROGRAMS
DR NORHASYIMAH HAMZAH FAKULTI PENDIDIKAN TEKNIKAL DAN VOKASIONAL

SYSTEM SOFTWARE Consists of the program that control the operations of the computer and its device. Function that system software performs include starting up the computer; opening, executing and running applications, storing, retrieving and copying files, formatting disk, reducing sizes and backing up the contents.

Classes of Software Systems software/os Application software
Set of programs that coordinates activities and functions of the hardware and various other programs Application software Programs that help users solve particular computing problems

SYSTEM software

Operating software (OS)
Is a set of programs containing instruction that coordinate all of the activities among computer hardware resources. Ex: OS recognize input form an input device (keyboard, mouse, microphone). A computer cannot function without an operating software

Spheres of Influence Personal Workgroup Enterprise
Information systems that serve the needs of an individual user Workgroup Two or more people who work together to achieve a common goal Enterprise Information systems that support the firm in its interaction with its environment.

Issues and Trends Software licensing
Protection by software vendors to prevent unauthorized use Software upgrades A revised version of software that usually includes fixes of known problems, plus enhancements to existing capabilities Global software support Software that is distributed around the globe may require unique support mechanisms due to local political and economic conditions

Ownership Freeware Shareware Public-domain software

Freeware Copyrighted software given away for free by the author. Although it is available for free, the author retains the copyright, which means that you cannot do anything with it that is not expressly allowed by the author. Usually, the author allows people to use the software, but not sell it.

Shareware (1) Software distributed on the basis of an honor system. Most shareware is delivered free of charge, but the author usually requests that you pay a small fee if you like the program and use it regularly. By sending the small fee, you become registered with the producer so that you can receive service assistance and updates. You can copy shareware and pass it along to friends and colleagues, but they too are expected to pay a fee if they use the product. Shareware is inexpensive because it is usually produced by a single programmer and is offered directly to customers. Thus, there are

Shareware (2) practically no packaging or advertising expenses.
Note that shareware differs from public-domain software in that shareware is copyrighted. This means that you cannot sell a shareware product as your own.

Public-domain Software
Refers to any program that is not copyrighted. Public- domain software is free and can be used without restrictions. The term public-domain software is often used incorrectly to include freeware, free software that is nevertheless copyrighted.

Role of Systems Software
System software… Is an interface or buffer between application software and hardware Controls the computer hardware and acts as an interface with applications programs

Application software Operating and systems software Users Hardware

Operating System Functions
Perform common computer hardware functions Provide a user interface Provide a degree of hardware independence Manage system memory Manage processing tasks Provide networking capability Control access to system resources Manage files

User Interface User interface Command-based user interface
A function of the operating system that allows individuals to access and command the computer Command-based user interface A particular user interface that requires text commands be given to the computer to perform basic activities E.g., unix, DOS Graphical user interface (GUI) A user interface that uses pictures (icons) and menus displayed on the screen to send commands to the computer system E.g. Windows, MAC OS

Command line INTERFACE
Code that a program to understand as instruction The set of commands u use to interact with the computer is called the command language

GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE
MENU AND ICON

Systems Software Concepts
Hardware independence Operating system (OS) provides hardware independence for application software Application software interfaces with the operating system which interfaces with the hardware When the hardware is changed, the operating system is changed so that the application software is not required to be changed

Software Concepts Memory management Virtual memory & paging
Multitasking Multithreading Timesharing

Memory Management Memory management…
Controls how memory is accessed and maximizes available memory and storage Schematic

Application Software OS
What is the price of TIBA35 (TIBA35$) Fetch TIBA35$ from hard disk, track 1, sector 7 TIBA35$

Multitasking Multithreading Timesharing

Virtual Memory & Paging
Memory that allocates space in secondary storage to supplement the immediate, functional memory capacity of RAM Paging A function of virtual memory allowing the computer to store currently needed pages in RAM while the rest of the pages wait in secondary storage Schematic

Memory Disk Program 1 (a few pages) Program 2 (a few pages)
Operating system and system software Programs and other software Program 2 (a few pages) Program 3 (a few pages) Program 4 (a few pages) Program 5 (a few pages) Program 6 (a few pages) Other memory requirements

Virtual Memory ‘Discussion’ (1)
An imaginary memory area supported by some operating systems (for example, Windows but not DOS) in conjunction with the hardware. You can think of virtual memory as an alternate set of memory addresses. Programs use these virtual addresses rather than real addresses to store instructions and data. When the program is actually executed, the virtual addresses are converted into real memory addresses. The purpose of virtual memory is to enlarge the address space, the set of addresses a program can utilize. For example, virtual memory

might contain twice as many addresses as main memory. A program using all of virtual memory, therefore, would not be able to fit in main memory all at once. Nevertheless, the computer could execute such a program by copying into main memory those portions of the program needed at any given point during execution. To facilitate copying virtual memory into real memory, the operating system divides virtual memory into pages, each of which contains a fixed number of addresses. Each page is stored on a disk until it is needed. When the page is needed, the operating system copies it

from disk to main memory, translating the virtual addresses into real addresses. The process of translating virtual addresses into real addresses is called mapping. The copying of virtual pages from disk to main memory is known as paging or swapping.

Multitasking Multithreading Time-sharing

Multitasking, Multithreading, Time-sharing
A processing activity that allows a user to run more than one application at the same time Multithreading A processing activity that is basically multitasking within a single application Time-sharing A processing activity that allows more than one person to use a computer system at the same time

Software Concepts Network capability Access to system resources
Aids in connecting the computer to a network Access to system resources Provides security for unauthorized access File management Ensures that files in secondary storage are available when needed, and they are protected against unauthorized usage

Utility Programs Utility programs…
Programs used to merge and sort sets of data, keep track of computer jobs being run, compress files of data before they are stored or transmitted over a network, and perform other important tasks

Types of Application Software
Proprietary Designed to solve a unique and specific problem In-house Development of application software using the company’s resources Contract Developed for a particular company Off-the-shelf An existing software program that can be used without considerable changes expected

Sources of Software Customized package
Blend of external and internal software development In-house customized Contract customization Schematic

Application software Proprietary software Off-the-shelf software In-house developed Contract Standard package Customized package In-house customized Contract customization

Examples

Turbo Tax (Figure 4.6) Turbo Tax
Provides automated assistance for tax preparation and submission. (Figure 4.6) 24

Quicken (Figure 4.7) Quicken
An off-the-shelf software package that provides assistance for standard check writing and personal accounting. (Figure 4.7) 25

Word Processing (Figure 4.8) Word Processing
Provides assistance in formulating, formatting, and printing documents such as letters, memos, and papers. (Figure 4.8) 26

Spreadsheet (Figure 4.9) Spreadsheet
Provides a wide range of built-in functions for statistical, financial, logical, database, graphics, and data and time calculations. (Figure 4.9) 27

Database (Figure 4.10) Database
Stores, manipulates, and retrieves data. (Figure 4.10) 28

Graphics Usually called Presentation Graphics Graphics Program
Helps make a presentation; develops brochures, illustrations, etc. Usually called Presentation Graphics

On-Line Services (Figure 4.12)
On-Line Services Provide access to various information resources. (Figure 4.12) 30

Software Suite Software Suite
Collection of personal productivity software such as word processor, spreadsheet, and database. 31

Software Concepts - OLE
OLE = Object Linking and Embedding A software feature that allows you to copy text from one document to another or embed graphics from one program into another program or document Server Application The application that supplies objects you place into other applications Client application The application that accepts objects from other applications

OLE Concepts Copy Link Embed
Copy data from one application and place it in another Link Changes made to the server object to automatically appear in all linked client objects Embed An object to become part of the client document Schematic

Copy Link --- --- --- --- - --- --- --- -- -- -- - - - --- --- -
Graphics Program Server Application Client Application Word Processing Program Spreadsheet Program Server Application Team photo Actual vs. Budget Copy Team photo Link Actual vs. budget Project Management Program Server Application Chart Chart ==== == == == == == = === == == ==== ==== = Embed

Workgroup Application Software
Groupware Software that helps groups of people work together more efficiently and effectively Collaborative computing software Software that helps teams of people work together toward a common goal

Enterprise Application Software
Software that benefits the entire organization Examples Accounts receivable Sales ordering Accounts payable Order entry Cash-flow analysis Check processing Manufacturing control Receiving General Ledger Retail Operations

Example Integrated Supply Chain Management Software

Programming Languages
Coding schemes used to write both systems and application software

Categories of Programming Languages (1)
Machine Language 1st generation programming language Considered a low-level language because it involves basic coding using the binary symbols 1 and 0 Assembly Language 2nd generation language Replaced binary digits with mnemonics (e.g., “ADD”) programmers could more easily understand

Third Generation Languages Continued trend to more symbolic code (e.g. COBOL) Fourth Generation Languages (4GLs) Languages that are less procedural and even more English-like than third-generation languages (e.g. FOCUS)

Query languages Used to ask the computer questions in English- like sentences Also known as database languages Structured query language (SQL) A standardized language often used to perform database queries and manipulations

Object Oriented Languages (1)
Object-oriented languages (OOL) Languages that allow interaction of programming objects, including data elements and the actions that will be performed on them Note: OOP = object-oriented programming Encapsulation The process of grouping items into an object Polymorphism A process allowing the programmer to develop one routine or set of activities that will operate on multiple objects

Object Oriented Languages (2)
Inheritance Property used to describe objects in a group of objects taking on characteristics of other objects in the same group or class of objects Reusable code The instruction code within an object that can be reused in different programs for a variety of applications Examples Smalltalk, C++, Java

Visual Programming Languages
Languages that use a mouse, icons, or symbols on the screen and pull-down menus to develop programs Examples Visual Basic Visual C++ PC COBOL

Fifth-Generation Languages
Combines rule-based code generation, component management, visual programming techniques, and reuse management Knowledge-based management An approach to the development of computer programs in which you do not tell a computer how to do a job, but what you want it to do

Programming Languages: Terminology (1)
Language translator Systems software that converts a programmer’s source code into its equivalent in machine language Source code High-level program code written by the programmer Object code Another name for machine language code

Interpreter A language translator that translates one program statement at a time into machine code Program statement Interpreter Machine language statement Statement execution

Compiler A language translator that converts a complete program into machine language to produce a program that the computer can process in its entirety Schematic

Step 1: Translate program
Computer program Compiler Machine language program Step 2: Execute program Machine language program Program execution

YOUR TASK DOS (DISK OPERATING SYSTEM) WINDOWS 3.x WINDOWS CE OS/2 UNIX
LINUX NETWARE

Application Software

Application Software Application software makes computer popular and easy to use Common application software: Microsoft Word, WordPerfect PowerPoint Netscape, Internet Explorer PhotoShop, Photo-Paint Quick Time Dreamweaver

Applications SOFTWARE
computing ESSENTIALS     Applications SOFTWARE General-purpose application Widely used software Common tasks Special-purpose application Narrowly focused software Specific tasks General-purpose applications include browsers, word processors, spreadsheets, database management systems, presentation graphics. These types will be the focus of this presentation. Special-purpose applications , also called advanced applications, are specific to one discipline or occupation. These include multimedia, Web authoring, virtual reality, and artificial intelligence (AI). (See chapter 10)

Common Features computing ESSENTIALS     User Interface
Important part of software Portion where the user interacts with the software Graphical User Interface (GUI) Windows Menus Toolbars Help The user interface is one of the most important part of a software application. If the user doesn’t like or is confused by the interface, then they won’t use it. Most common user interface today is a graphical user interface. (GUI) Pronounced “gooey”

Windows computing ESSENTIALS    
Rectangular area that displays information Multiple applications in different windows Can be resized, moved, and closed Windows are the portion of the screen where the user interacts with the application software.

Menus computing ESSENTIALS     Display commands Present options
Drop down list Held in menu bars Menus are commands and options grouped together in common functionality. For example, the File menu displayed above lists commands and options associated with file maintenance.

Toolbars computing ESSENTIALS     Contain buttons and menus
Commonly used commands Common to many applications Formatting toolbar Standard toolbar Toolbars allow quick access to commands in the application. Toolbars can usually be found under the menu bar. However, they can also be found detached and floating somewhere in the application window. That allows the user to customize their screen. The formatting toolbar above is seen in the vertical position as opposed to the horizontal like the standard toolbar. Most applications in the Windows environment will have toolbars like those seen above.

Help computing ESSENTIALS     Contains useful information
Access methods Table of Contents Keyword index Text search Explain what students would find using the different tabs How is information listed on Contents Tab? How is information listed on Index Tab? How might a user use the Find Tab?

Office Assistant computing ESSENTIALS    
Another way to get help is to: Access through F1 function key or Help button on toolbar or click on Office Assistant object (paperclip, ball, cat, dog, Einstein, robot…) Click once to access or F1

Web-based Apps ASP – Application Service Provider
Provide access to different programs Don’t need to upgrade Store data files on the ASP site Can access data from any location Privacy and Security Data may be compromised ASP are web sites that offer access to different programs such as word processors, spreadsheets, etc. Users can also store their data on those servers. The advantages are that programs and data are easily accessible from any location that has access to the Web. A disadvantage is that the files are more vulnerable to hackers or others as compared to a local machine separate from the Internet. Balance must be found – security versus accessibility. An example of an ASP is Some ASPs require a fee, while others may only require registration. See the McGraw-Hill website at for further updates and to learn more.

Browsers Connect to the Web Open and transfer files
Display text and images Web site address How a browser locates a web page Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

Web Page Document file that contains Text and Images
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) Commands that describe layout of page Hyperlinks Connections to other documents Navigating the Web The browser interprets the HTML commands in the document to display the Web page. The first page of a web site is called the Home page. Navigating the web means following hyperlinks from document to document. See Chapter 8 for more detailed discussion of Internet and the Web

Searching the Web computing ESSENTIALS    
Search services provide databases of Web pages and Internet sites Topic Search Successively select categories Keyword Search Specific word or phrase Search services such as or AltaVista maintain huge databases that contain links to Web pages and Internet sites.

Database Management Systems
computing ESSENTIALS     Database Management Systems Organize related data for easy access Database is a specially formatted file that contains data Structured Most popular DBMS Microsoft Access Corel Paradox Lotus Approach Establishes a structure for data storage, usually relational using related tables, so related data can be easily retrieved; also known as DBMS (database managements systems) Can edit, retrieve, and display in different formats (reports or forms)

Database Structures computing ESSENTIALS     Relational
Most common, simple to create Hierarchical Older, more complex Network (CODASYL) Powerful, complex schemas Object-oriented Data stored as objects Relational databases organize data into fields, records, tables Tables can be linked by a key field, one that is common to both the tables in question Access, Oracle are examples of relational databases. Hierarchical databases are not seen much today. Old databases include IBM’s DL/1, and Unisys DMS1100 Network, or also known as CODASYL, databases are structured in records connected by sets. Example is Micro Data Base Systems, Inc. TITANIUM. Object oriented databases are structured with data objects stored in classes. ODMG is a set of standards developed for object databases.

computing ESSENTIALS    
field names table field value record Identify the key organization features of a standard database Relational Database

DBMS Features computing ESSENTIALS    
Capability to locate and display data Sort and analyze data Programming control language Structure Query Language (SQL) Used to create complex, sophisticated applications All DBMSs allow the user to access the data by locating, analyzing and displaying data in an organized manner Used for parts catalog, flight schedules, employee records, search engines, grocery store prices People use DBMS on daily basis – just not always aware Locate and display - ability to quickly locate records based on various criteria Sort and analyze - rearranging or computation based on various criteria Program Control languages - allow sophisticated users to access the database to perform complex queries, joins, deletes, or modifications.

computing ESSENTIALS    
Picture of relationship table built in Microsoft Access Data from one table is related to the data in a second table by way of common key fields. A series of links let the users sort through, search, and display the data in a structured manner dependent on the search criteria. Link tables using a common (key) field

Presentation Graphics
computing ESSENTIALS     Presentation Graphics Create interesting, professional presentations Combine visual objects, audio/video, text Most Widely Used Microsoft PowerPoint Corel Presentations Lotus Freelance Graphics This presentation was created using PowerPoint Combines variety of visual objects to present attractive, professional presentations Many people learn better when information is visually presented Used in mostly in business and school environments See more on Lotus at

Presentation Graphics Features
computing ESSENTIALS     Presentation Graphics Features Layout files Templates Text layout Background colors and patterns Borders Animations Templates are files that include predefined settings that is used as a pattern to create a presentation. Used to maintain consistency between slides Animations add special visual and sound effects Delivery: Slide show – actual presentation to audience (similar to what we are doing now) Speaker notes – along with a picture of each slide, the audience receives a “notes” area to the right of each slide on which they can take notes as you give your presentation Link parts of your presentation to another application or another part of your presentation or even to the Web. Visual effects Audio effects

Integrated Packages computing ESSENTIALS     Single program
Multiple functionality Word processor, spreadsheet, DBMS Lower cost Simpler Capabilities not as extensive Microsoft Works Kind of a Jack-of-all-trades Ideal for less sophisticated users, like home or school, who don’t need the more sophisticated features found in the applications suites. Consult the O’Leary Expansion CD for more information on the Microsoft Works

A Look to the Future computing ESSENTIALS    
Web-based application software Pay as you go Access only when needed focus is on increased functionality, not a new command and menu structure More powerful functions increase the time for creativity, quality, and quantity New versions taking on look and feel of Internet (Windows XP and Office XP)

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