1. Neural and Hormonal Systems
Will Explain Why We FEEL……
Nervous
Strong
Sick
Pain

2. It all Starts with the Neuron https://www. youtube. com/watch

3. Neuron Structure
Neurons do NOT touch each other- the space in between is call the synapse.

4. Types of Neurons
Sensory Neurons
Motor Neurons
Inter Neurons

5. Sensory Neurons (Afferent Neurons)
Take information from the senses to the brain.

6. Inter Neurons
Take messages from Sensory Neurons to other parts of the brain or to Motor Neurons.

7. Motor Neurons (Efferent Neurons)
Take information from brain to the rest of the body.

8. How a Neuron Fires It is an electrochemical process
Electrical inside the neuron
Chemical outside the neuron (in the synapse in the form of a neurotransmitter).
The firing is call Action Potential.

9. The All-or None Response
The idea that either the neuron fires or it does not- no part way firing.
Like a gun or toilet

10. Steps of Action potential- Brief electrical charge passing down the axon
Dendrites receive neurotransmitter from another neuron across the synapse.
Reached its threshold- then fires based on the all-or-none response.
Opens up a portal in axon, and lets in positive ions (Sodium) which mix with negative ions (Potassium) that is already inside the axon (thus Neurons at rest have a slightly negative charge).
The mixing of + and – ions causes an electrical charge that opens up the next portal (letting in more K) while closing the original portal.
Process continues down axon to the axon terminal.
Terminal buttons turns electrical charge into chemical (neurotransmitter) and shoots message to next neuron across the synapse.

11. Simple yet Complex
A vast majority of the nervous system multiple neurons connect with each other
Creates a complex network cable of almost endless combinations of neurons communicating with each other

12. How Neurons Communicate

13. Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers released by terminal buttons through the synapse.
We should know at least 4 types and what they do and others as well.

14. Acetylcholine Its function is motor movement and memory and learning.
Too much and you will….
Not enough and you will….
Lack of ACH has been linked to Alzheimer’s disease.

15. Dopamine Lack of dopamine is associated with Parkinson’s disease.
Its function is motor movement , alertness, learning, emotion.
Lack of dopamine is associated with Parkinson’s disease.
Overabundance is associated with schizophrenia.

16. Serotonin Function deals with mood control, hunger, sleep and arousal.
Lack of serotonin has been linked to depression.

17. Endorphins Function deals with pain control.
We become addicted to endorphin causing feelings.

19. Agonists and Antagonists

20. Agonists/ Antagonists
Similar enough to a neurotransmitter that it can bind to its receptors
Mimics the effect
Some opiates are agonists mimic the effect and produces or magnified a pleasing effect dopamine = cocaine, serotonin = LSD or ecstasy
Bind to receptors but they block neurotransmitters Botulin found in poorly canned meat block Ach release- lots of vomiting etc
Botox paralyzes muscles

21. Divisions of the Nervous System

22. Nervous system Neurons building blocks of the nervous system
PNS info travels through axons that are bundled into electrical cables we call nerves
Info travels to the brain via sensory, motor and interneurons

23. Sympathetic Nervous System (think stress)
Flight or Fight Response

24. Parasympathetic
Think peaceful
Slows down heart rate and breathing

25. Central Nervous System (CN)
Spinal cord is the info highway. Connects the PNS to the brain
Sensory info travels toward the brain and motor neurons send back info
Reflexes consists of a single sensory neuron and a single motor neuron

26. A Simple Reflex

27. A Simplified Neural Network
Neurons that learn to work together as a team.

29. The Endocrine System A system of glands that secrete hormones.
Similar to nervous system, except hormones work a lot slower than neurotransmitters.
Hormones
Neurotransmitters

30. Endocrine and nervous system are close: both produce molecules that act as receptors elsewhere
Nervous system =
Endocrine = postal

31. The Major Endocrine Glands

32. Types of glands Pituitary= growth
Most influential controlled by hypothalamus
Also triggers sex glands to release sex hormones
Adrenal release epinephrine's and norepinephrine (called
Adrenaline and noradrenaline
Increase heart rate etc.
Flight or fight

33. Brain as conductor
Nervous system directs the endocrine secretions, which affects the nervous system
The brain conducts the whole thing