1. African Development Seminar: Governance and the African State
PIA 2574
African Development Seminar:
Governance and the African State

2. Our Foreign Aid Fix
On Being Poor

3. The Failure of the African State
State Crisis in Africa
The Failure of the African State

4. The Current Image

5. “Popular Hotel in Somalia Is Bombed by Militants”
Rescuers carrying a person wounded during an attack on Sunday at the Sahafi Hotel in Mogadishu, the Somali capital.
New York Times, Nov. 2, 2015

6. Sahafi Hotel, November 1, 2015

7. The Ivory Coast Model: Triumph and Tragedy
Geography and Ethnicity
North- Muslim, Mande;
South: East, Akan, Christian; West, Kru, links with Liberia and Guinea
The Ivory Coast Miracle
The death of the Founding President: Felix Houphouet Boigny

9. Tragedy in West Africa
New York Times: The next “state collapse in Africa” Ivory Coast- Has it?
Ghana’s North?
Assassination and tension in Dagbon
The next Crisis can happen anywhere

11. Ghana
Martin Staniland, The Lions of Dagbon: Political Change in Northern Ghana (London: Cambridge University Press, 1975)

12. Ethnicity, Class and Religion
Theories of Ethnicity: Review
Primordialism
Ethnicity and Religion
cultural sub-nationalism

13. Ethnicity, Class and Religion
Contextual- intensification of ethnic identity- and the reverse
Ethnicity as Nationalism
Ethnicity and Class

14. Somali Refugees

15. Irrelevance of Ideology
African regimes regardless of ideology are state centric
Skimmed public resources
Extensive corruption

17. Irrelevance of Ideology
Patriarchal leadership
Organizational elites
Collapse of the social contract with the state centered middle class

18. Meet the Sgwentu family
Meet the Sgwentu family.  From left to right, they are Boy, Evelyn, Sipho, Nonswakazi, Teresa (my wife, or Auntie T as they call her), and Thania.  They are a new breed of South African – the middle-class black South African

19. Social Reaction: The Exit Strategy
Praetorian Government
Recognize the empirical reality of dependency theory
Structural Adjustment’s impact

20. Zulu Clan- Early 20th Century

21. Social Reaction: The Exit Strategy
Economy of Affection
Impact of reform on education and health- decline and fall of rural area
Absence of an effective private and non-profit sector: Failure of Civil Society

22. Social Reaction: The Exit Strategy
Exit, Voice and Loyalty by Albert O. Hirschman
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970)

23. Albert O. Hirschaman, Born 1915

24. Africa’s Reality Breakdown of Governance
Corruption
Military Coups and Authoritarianism
Self Serving Bureaucrats
Bureaucratic Elites
State Debt

25. Above all the problem of the Zero-Sum Game. The Inability to Compromise

26. Military Intervention: narrow, ethnic interests or military regimes, 1970s-1990s
Uganda: Obote, Amin and Museveni
Zaire: Mobutu and “Big Manism”
Somalia, Ethiopia: Totalitarianism and Anarchy
Liberia and Sierra Leone: militarized ethnicity and Child Soldiers

27. Uganda Letter

28. Uganda Letter Page 2

29. The Viability of Colonial Borders
System collapse in central Africa,
Invading armies: Uganda, Rwanda, Namibia and Zimbabwe
5.4 Million Deaths in Congo. Africa’s World War

30. Congo

31. Collapse of the African International System
Lack of interest of international community
Civil War-Violence, Inter-state Conflict and African Development
Libya- Only concern: The Oil?

33. Abandonment of Africa by the international community
Problem of “race” and racial sensitivity
Perception of “primordial tribalism” in Africa- Violence and starvation since independence
Donor fatigue: Debt and the End of the Cold War
Foreigners as Invaders: “Tarzan [is still] an Expatriate?”

34. International Community?

35. The Failure of Institutional Development
Problem of Inherited Institutions
Mobilization- High, Institutionalization Low
Failure of political institutions
Military- failure to contain political demands

36. The importance of political institutions
Rules and processes (formal and informal) are essential

38. The Institutional State
Institutionalized Norms and Rules
Diverse and Representative Civil Society
Stable Government Structures
Muted Cultural Differences

39. Elinor Ostrom

40. Rules and Institutions
Balance between mobilization and political institutions
Samuel P. Huntington

42. The Institutional State
Decentralized (Devolved) Government Structures
Effective Permanent Government (The Administrative Apparatus)
Middle Class Social Compact
Incorporate Traditional Governance

43. Democracy?

44. Discussion: Is this important?
At Issue
Primacy of democratic governance or “contained political structures”
Discussion: Is this important?

45. Traditional Elites
Inherited States failed to deal with Traditional Leadership
Continuing Influence of Traditional Elites regardless of formal standing and regime type

46. Zimbabwe Traditional Leaders

47. Traditional Leadership in Tanzania
Tanzania Abolishes Chiefs in 1960s
Study of Political Party Activists (Norman Miller)
Many activists are former traditional elites or relatives of chiefs and sub-chiefs

48. Traditional Leadership in Tanzania
Informally the Party remained highly dependent upon traditional leaders on an informal basis
Traditional political values still socialize people (both in urban and rural areas)
Party informally accepts traditional roles as long as it give loyalty to the party

49. Tanganyika Chiefs 1961

50. How Chiefs Influence Governance
Continued influence and high status of those who hold “tribal” authority (Dyarchy)
Presence in high political and administrative positions of those who are descendents or relatives of traditional leaders
Status without official sanction but consists of party functionaries or bureaucrats

52. Forms of Traditional Influence on Local Level Governance
Full Meetings (Town Hall Style) Consensus by Direct Democracy
Pure Traditional Representation- Traditional Councils (Appointed)
Partial- Councils which are half elected and half traditional

53. Forms of Traditional Influence on Local Level Governance
Technical and Deconcentrated Boards. Department heads and Traditional Representatives
Specialized through the Traditional judicial Function
Triangular-2 traditional, 2 elected councilors and two appointed by central government (eg. Land Boards)

54. GIS trainer Kent Burger with Tawana Land Board participants

55. Forms of Traditional Influence on Local Level Governance
Bicameral- Traditional Elites represented in an Upper House
Unicameral- Preserved Traditional Seats in Legislature
Grassroots: Traditional Mechanisms of Governance at sub-district, area or village level

56. Zambia House of Chiefs

57. Rules and Institutions
Adaptability rather than rigidity
Complexity rather than simple
Coherence rather than disunity
Devolution and autonomy rather than subordinate state structures

58. South Africa 2008

59. Discussion: How can the African crisis be addressed?
How do we assess the role of the media? Should CNN be banned in Africa?
What argument do our authors make about the nature of the African crisis? Critique them
What picture of Northern influence over African states does the reading give us?

60. King Goodwill Zwelithini
Xenophobia

62. Tony Avirgan and Martha Honey, War in Uganda (Free Lance Journalists- Africa and Latin America)

63. Nadine Gordimer- Born 1923

64. Shiva Naipaul,

65. Discussion and Comments?