2. SOL Standards Chapter 1
STANDARD WHI.2a The student will demonstrate knowledge of early development of humankind from the Paleolithic Era to the agricultural revolution by a) explaining the impact of geographic environment on hunter-gatherer societies. Homo sapiens emerged in East Africa between 100,000 and 400,000 years ago. Homo sapiens migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas. Early humans were hunters and gatherers whose survival depended on the availability of wild plants and animals. b) listing characteristics of hunter-gatherer societies, including their use of tools and fire. Hunter-gatherer societies during the Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age) • Were nomadic (migrated in search of food, water, shelter) • Invented the first tools, including simple weapons • Learned how to make fire • Lived in clans • Developed oral language • Created “cave art”

3. c) describing technological and social advancements that gave rise to stable communities. Societies during the Neolithic Era (New Stone Age) • Developed agriculture (Domesticated Plants) • Domesticated animals • Used advanced tools • Made pottery • Developed weaving skills d) explaining how archaeological discoveries are changing present-day knowledge of early peoples. -Archaeologists study past cultures by locating and analyzing human remains, fossils, and artifacts. -Archaeologists apply scientific tests such as carbon dating to analyze fossils and artifacts. -Stonehenge is an example of an archaeological site in England that was begun during the Neolithic and completed during the Bronze Age.

4. Ancient Buildings and Monuments
The study of past societies through an analysis of what people have left behind.
Artifacts are those things that people left behind, they can include:
Tools and Weapons
Art and Sculpture
Pottery
Ancient Buildings and Monuments
Human Remains
Jewelry

5. The study of human life and culture
The remains of ancient plants and animals.
By studying fossils archaeologists and anthropologists can learn about what people ate, what animals they had around, and their way of life.
Carbon dating can be used to date organic artifacts, or things that were once alive
All living things contain a radioactive isotope of Carbon called Carbon 14 which they absorb from the sun while they are alive.

6. Prehistoric Video
Humans and other creatures that walk upright on two feet.
The first Hominids, they are thought to have emerged in East Africa in the Great Rift Valley between 3-4 million years ago.
Homo habilis- meaning handy human was a phase between Australopithecus and Homo Erectus that emerged between million years ago.

7. Second stage in early human development, Homo erectus, which means upright human being, emerged about 1.8 million years ago.
These were the first hominids to leave Africa and moved into Europe and Asia.
They also used more complex tools

8. About 250,000 years ago Homo sapiens emerged.
Homo Sapiens means “Wise Person.”
This group split into two distinct groups:
Neanderthals and Homo Sapiens Sapiens
Homo Sapiens Sapiens
Neanderthals

9. Lived between 100,000 and 30,000 years ago;
Europe and Turkey.
Culture
Used stone tools
buried their dead.
primitive religious beliefs.
Disappearance Theories
Competition with Homo Sapien Sapien
Genetic mixing with Homo Sapien Sapien

10. Modern Human Beings (Cro-Magnon)
Appeared in Africa between 150, ,000 years ago
Migrated out of Africa 100,000 years ago.
By 10,000 B.C. Homo Sapiens Sapiens could be found throughout the world due to migration.
One is the “out of Africa” model which states that homo sapiens sapiens migrated out of Africa and slowly replaced other groups they encountered throughout the world.
The other theory is the multiregional model, which states that development from earlier hominids to modern humans occurred in different locations in Africa, Asia, and Europe at different times.

11. During the last ice age between 100,000 B. C. and 8000 B. C
During the last ice age between 100,000 B.C. and 8000 B.C. the water level in the oceans dropped revealing a land bridge over the Bering Strait connecting Asia and North America

12. Lived in groups called clans. got their food by Hunting and Gathering
“Paleo” means old “Lithic” means stone
Paleolithic= Old Stone Age.
Lived in groups called clans.
got their food by Hunting and Gathering
Because they moved from place to place they were Nomadic.
Essential Knowledge
Learned to make and control fire to keep warm and cook their food.
Developed oral, or spoken language
Made cave art and statues.
The role of men was to do the hunting
The role of women was gathering and caring for children

13. Use of Fire
Early man learned to use fire to adapt to his environment.
It was probably discovered from friction, lightning, or accidental hitting two rocks together.
Ice Ages
Fire was very important during the ice ages. Without fire man would not have been able to survive.
Cave Art
Man has created art for a very long time. There is some argument as to what this art was for. Was it art as art, or art as a form of religion?

14. Developed Agriculture Domesticated Animals Used Advanced Stone Tools
“Neo” means new
“Lithic” means stone
Neolithic means new stone age.
The Neolithic Agricultural Revolution was the change from the Paleolithic period to the Neolithic Period.
The thing that allowed for this change was the discovery of agriculture.
Systematic Agriculture was the consistent growing of crops on a continuing basis.
Domestication of Animals: In addition to growing crops Neolithic man also tamed animals for hunting (dogs) and other animals for their food such as sheep, cows, etc. . .
Thought that women discovered agriculture
Developed Agriculture
Domesticated Animals
Used Advanced Stone Tools
Developed Weaving (better clothing)
Made Pottery (for food storage)

15. Variations on Agriculture
As agriculture spread different areas began to grow different crops that were suited to their environment.
These places where people began to settle down, grow crops, and start villages became known as the Cradles of Civilization.
Most of these areas were in river valleys. This first was Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys.
Other river valleys include The Nile in Egypt, the Indus in India, and the Huang He in China.
These villages spread throughout Europe and the rest of the world.
The oldest and largest of the villages are found in SW Asia.

16. Found in ancient Palestine near the Dead sea
Found in ancient Palestine near the Dead sea. It was in existence by 8000 B.C.

17. Found in Anatolia (Modern Day Turkey)
Its walls enclosed 32 acres and up to 6,000 people.
Grew many different crops and developed artisans and trade.

18. Aleppo is one of the oldest inhabited cities in history.
Located in Modern-Day Syria; It has been occupied since around 5000 BCE.
It occupies a strategic trading point midway between the sea and the Euphrates.
The main role of the city was as a trading place.

19. Monument begun in the Neolithic age and finished in the Bronze Age
Located on the Salisbury Plain in England
What it may have looked like at completion

21. Agricultural Surplus
As farming technology improved people were able to grow the food they needed. Because of this not everyone had to work on providing food anymore and so people could do other things.
Artisans
People who made crafts such as textiles (fabrics), pottery, jewelry, etc. . .
People could do what they were good at instead of having to farm.
Specialization of Labor
Because people could focus on one particular thing technology and skills improved.
Storage of Food
Pottery and other devices were invented as ways to grow extra food. This extra food was vital for feeding a growing population.
Trade
As artisans made goods they began to exchange goods with other villages, and later cities, who had different goods. This was a barter system.

22. Rise of cities Emergence of Religion Use of Writing
An agricultural surplus led to the emergence of civilization, a complex culture where humans share common elements.
Rise of cities
Growth of Government.
Usually monarchs
(King and Queens)
Artistic Activity
Temples, Pyramids,
Palaces, Painting, and Sculpture
Emergence of Religion
Priests take an active role.
Use of Writing
First was Cuneiform in Sumer
New Social Structure
Different social classes emerge
Culture
The way of life of a group of people

23. Cities
The first civilization developed in river valleys, this allowed for large-scale farming to take place.
As populations grew, cities were formed

24. Government
The need for government emerged because there was a need to regulate many aspects of city life including the food supply and the defense of the city.
As people had more contact with each other, conflicts also emerged, government helped to regulate these as well.
Most early governments were monarchies.

25. Religion
Religion developed originally as a way to explain natural phenomena.
People believed that it was important for gods and goddesses to be kept happy because they had a direct impact on the lives of the people-if the deities weren’t happy things would go poorly for the people.
This gave priests special power and make them important figures.
Also, many rulers said their power came from the gods.

26. Social Structure
As economic power rose there also rose divisions between the different social classes.
The upper class was made up of priests, government officials, and warriors.
The lower class was made of free people, farmers, artisans, and craftspeople.
Below these groups were the slaves, usually prisoners of war.

27. Writing Writing developed as a way to keep records.
The first written language developed in Sumer in Mesopotamia, it became known as Cuneiform (wedge-shaped writing)

28. Art
Once people had a steady food supply there was more time for artistic activity. Artistic activities included: Building Temples and Pyramids Painting Sculpture Jewelry