1. Bell Assignment
What are some problems we face in Phoenix because we are a large urban area?

2. What is Urbanization? Growth of cities.
America underwent a tremendous growth in its cities in the Northeast and Midwest between 1890 – 1920.

3. Why did people move to the cities?
Cheapest and most convenient
Offered steady jobs in factories and mills

4. City Dwelling
Row houses: single-family dwellings that shared side walls with other similar houses – packed many single-family residences into a single block
Tenements: multi-family urban dwellings – overcrowded and unsanitary

7. Conditions in the Tenements
An average of twelve families lived on each flat of a tenement building (usually designed to house one family.
As many as five members of a family lived in a 12x12 area
Not ventilated; no light

9. Conditions in the Tenements

10. Urban Problems
Water – cities had a problem with supplying safe drinking water
Few areas with indoor plumbing – had to cart buckets of water from the street
No filtration systems – unsafe drinking water led to spread of disease

11. Jacob Riis Wrote How The Other Half Lives,1890.
Used photography display harsh conditions
His book spurred a movement of social reform

12. Home of an Italian Ragpicker

14. Bohemian Cigar Makers

15. Five Cents Lodging, Bayard Street

16. A downtown "Morgue" (unlicensed saloon)

17. Women's Lodging Room

18. Men's Lodging Room

19. One of Four Peddlers Who Slept in the Cellar

20. Mulberry Bend

21. Reformers Mobilize
Social Gospel Movement: preached salvation through service to the poor.
Settlement Houses: community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance to people in the area (especially immigrants).

22. Jane Addams Founded Hull House
Provided educational, social and cultural services.
one of the most influential members of the Social Gospel movement.

23. Hull House

26. Problems and Solutions
Use your book to find urban problems that faced people at this time (pg. 470). Then, for each problem, discuss solutions that were attempted for each one.
Which solution had the most
impact? Why?

27. Political Machines Impact City Life

28. What is a Political Machine?
An organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city.
Offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support.
Gained control of local government in major cities like; Baltimore, New York, San Francisco.

29. How were the “machines” organized?
All three worked together to elect their candidates and guarantee success of the machine
Controlled the activities of the political party throughout the city.
City
Boss
Goal: to secure the vote in all the precincts in the ward. Did this by helping the poor and doing favors or providing services.
Ward Bosses
Tried to gain voters’ support on a city block or in a neighborhood – represented the ward boss
Local Precinct Workers

30. Role of the Political Boss
 NY political boss
Senator Roscoe Conklin
Controlled access to jobs and business licenses
Influenced the courts
Built parks, sewer systems, waterworks, schools, hospitals, orphanages – by solving urban problems they reinforced voters’ loyalty
Helped immigrants with assimilation; housing, jobs, citizenship, etc… .

31. The Graft
Although the well-oiled political machines provided city dwellers with vital services, many political bosses fell victim to greed and corruption as their power grew.
Graft: illegal use of political influence for personal gain.

32. More Examples of Fraud
Election fraud: example - padded the lists of eligible voters with the names of dogs, children and dead people.
Kickbacks: Illegal payments – example – a boss would ask a worker to turn in a bill for a government job that was higher than the actual cost and then pocket the difference.
Bribes: some bosses accepted bribes to allow illegal activities like gambling to flourish

33. Boss Tweed – Tammany Hall
New York’s most powerful machine
His ring pocketed as much as $200 million from the city in kickbacks and payoffs.
An example of a graft under Tweed was the building of the New York County Courthouse – it cost taxpayers $11million but the actual cost was $3 million – Tweed pocketed the difference.

34. Political Cartoon by Thomas Nast
Boss Tweed
Tweed was eventually indicted on 120 counts of fraud and sentenced to 12 years in prison.
He managed to escape after serving two years.
He was captured by Spanish officials who recognized him from his depiction in political cartoons.
“Let us Prey”
Political Cartoon by Thomas Nast

35. You Decide…
You and the members of your group will read a list of actions of political bosses at the turn of the twentieth century.
Your group will complete a t-chart that records their positive and negative contributions.
Your group will come to a consensus about whether political bosses had an overall positive or negative impact.
Please be prepared to share your group’s findings with the class.