1. Chemistry, Matter, & Life

2. Elements Approximately 116 known elements
Only 21 are needed by living things

3. Oxygen Most abundant element in humans 65% of body mass
Needed for metabolism
Component of water
Found in most organic substances

4. Carbon
18.5% of human body mass
Component of all organic compounds

5. Hydrogen 9.5% of human body mass Present in most organic compounds
Component of water

6. Other Essential Elements
Calcium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sulfur
Sodium
Chlorine
Magnesium

7. Trace Elements Manganese, iron, cobalt, zinc, iodine, molybdenum
Used for such things as: metabolism, hormones, bones, hemoglobin, enzymes
Table 2-1

8. Atom Structure

9. Ionic Bonds

10. Important Ions
Sodium
Potassium
Bicarbonate
Table 2-2

11. Electrolytes Ions that appear when substances dissociate in solution
Important in maintaining homeostasis
Generate electrical currents that can be detected and recorded
Electrocardiogram (EKG)
Electroencephalogram (EEG)

12. Covalent Bonds

13. Acids, Bases, & pH Scale

14. pH Fluctuations Normal pH is 7.35-7.45 Alkalosis – too basic (7.5-7.8)
Acidosis – too acidic ( )

15. Acidosis Respiratory acidosis Metabolic acidosis
Too much carbon dioxide is present
Chest deformities/injuries
Lung disease/injury
Metabolic acidosis
Too much acid is produced or the kidneys cannot remove enough
Diabetes
Severe diarrhea
Alcohol, cancer, vigorous exercise, liver disease

16. Alkalosis Respiratory alkalosis Metabolic alkalosis
Low carbon dioxide levels
High altitude
Lung disease
Lack of oxygen
Salicylate poisoning
Metabolic alkalosis
Prolonged vomiting
Certain medications

17. Buffer
Solution that resists change in pH regardless of the acid or base added
Buffer solutions consist of a weak acid and a salt of that weak acid
Used to maintain homeostasis

18. Carbonic Acid Buffering System
When acid is added:
HCl + NaHCO3  H2CO NaCl
acid buffer salt weak acid salt
When base is added:
NaOH + H2CO3  NaHCO H2O
base buffer acid buffer salt water

19. Biomolecules
Organic compounds are those that contain carbon (with a few exceptions)

20. Four major categories of biomolecules:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

21. Carbohydrates Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is 2:1
Used for:
ENERGY
Structure of cell components, including cell membranes
Reserve supply of energy

22. Monosaccharides Simple sugar Glucose Galactose Fructose Deoxyribose

23. Dissaccharides Double sugar Two monosaccharides are joined
Created through process of dehydration synthesis (condensation); one molecule of water is lost
Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose

24. Dehydration Synthesis
The reverse of this reaction is hydrolysis

25. Polysaccharides Long chains of monosaccharides linked together Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen

26. Lipids Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Has many more hydrogen than oxygen
Ex] CH3(CH2)24CO2-(CH2)29CH3
Divided into: fats (triglycerides), phospholipids, and steroids

27. Fats (Triglycerides) Used as energy source and energy storage
Provide protection, padding, and insulation
Created by combining three fatty acid groups with one glycerol molecule through dehydration synthesis

29. Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats
Mostly animal fats
Solid at room temperature
Unsaturated fats
Vegetable oils
Liquid at room temperature

30. Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fatty Acids

31. Phospholipids
Composed of glycerol and fatty acids, but also contain a phosphate group
Component of cell membranes
Abundant in nerve and muscle cells

33. Steroids
Similar in composition to lipids, but structurally composed of interconnected carbon rings
Most common steroid is cholesterol
Used to create sex hormones, hormones from the adrenal cortex, and vitamin D
Found in large amounts in nerve tissue
Component of gallstones

34. Cholesterol

35. Proteins Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Most also contain sulfur
Some have phosphorus
Building blocks are amino acids

36. Amino Acids
There are 20 amino acids that are known to be used to create proteins
Humans can only make 10 of those
The other 10 must be taken in through diet
essential

37. Structure of AminoAcids
-COOH is a carboxyl group
-NH2 is an amino group
-R represents differences in base molecule of each amino acid

38. Function of Proteins Structural component of cells and tissues
Antibodies
Muscle contraction
Identification markers for cells
Energy source
Transport oxygen
Enzymes

39. Enzymes
Modified proteins that lower activation energy required to start a reaction
Enzymes only work on specific substrates
Never consumed or changed in a reaction
Often recognized by the –ase ending

40. Lock & Key Model

41. Factors That Affect Enzymes
Enzymes are a type of protein
Denatured by:
Heat
Radiation
Electricity
pH values
Certain chemicals

42. Diseases of Enzyme Deficiency
Tay Sachs
Phenylketonuria
Lactose intolerance
Gaucher’s
Fabry’s

43. Nucleic Acids
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
Building blocks are nucleotides

44. Two types of nucleic acids:
Nucleotides join through the process of dehydration synthesis to create larger molecules
Two types of nucleic acids:
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

45. DNA
Composed of deoxyribose and the bases thymine, guanine, cytosine, and adenine
Serves as genetic material for cell

46. RNA
Composed of ribose and the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil
Assists with protein synthesis

47. Adenosine Triphosphate
Molecule used in all living things to store and provide energy