1. Energy Balance and Weight Control
Chapter 7
BIOL1400
Dr. Mohamad H. Termos

2. Introduction - Energy balance: kcalorie intake versus kcalorie output
- Positive energy balance: when energy input is greater than energy output, excess calories stored  weight gain
- Negative energy balance: when energy input is less than energy output  weight loss.

3. Energy Balance
1- Energy intake: Determining the energy content of foods
2- Energy output:
- Basal metabolism: minimum energy expended in a fasting state
- Factors that influence basal metabolism
1) Lean body mass
2) Amount of body surface
3) Gender
4) Body temperature
5) Thyroid hormone
6) Nervous system activity
7) Pregnancy
8) Caffeine and tobacco use

4. Obesity
A condition in which excess body fat may put a person at health risk.
A metabolic disorder that is primarily induced and sustained by an over consumption or underutilization of calorie substrate.

5. Causes of Obesity
- Genetic background accounts for up to 70% of weight differences between people
- Chances of becoming obese:
1) 10% if no obese parents
2) 40% if one obese parent
80% if two obese parent
- Thrifty metabolism promotes obesity
- High-fat diets and inactivity promote weight gain
- Inactivity, stress, and large pregnancy weight gain are associated with obesity

6. Diseases linked to Obesity
Diabetes
Cardiovascular diseases
Stroke,
Arthritis,
Cancer
High cholesterol

7. Fat Distribution
The area of the body where the excess body fat is located is very important to consider when assessing disease risks
1- Gynoid obesity
Pear-shape obesity
Common in women
Fat is located around hips and thighs
Lower association for disease risk.
Encouraged by estrogen and progesterone

8. Fat Distribution 2- Android obesity Apple-shape obesity Common in men
Fat is located in the abdomen
Associated with heart disease, high blood pressure, and type-2 diabetes
Encouraged by alcohol, testosterone, and smoking

9. Treatment of overweight and obesity
- Long-term life style change, rather than taking medicines.
Control of calorie intake
Increase physical activity
Eat healthy food.

10. Watch!
Obesity in children