1. 17.4-The Reformation Continues

2. John Calvin’s Ideas
Calvin published more information on Protestant ideas in the 1530s
Believed humans were sinful by nature
Believed in predestination-God knows at beginning of time who will be saved
Religion formed known as Calvinism

3. Calvin in Geneva
Calvin believed best government was a theocracy (government ruled by religious leaders)
Ran Geneva, Switzerland as a theocracy
Citizens had to attend religious class, no bright clothing, card games, etc.
Strict punishments for not obeying
Geneva as a model for ideal city

4. Spread of Calvinism John Knox spread Calvin’s ideas to Scotland
Followers became known as Presbyterians-official religion of Scotland
Spread elsewhere including France (known as Huguenots)
Violence between Catholics and Huguenots-St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre-Catholics hunting Protestants
~12,000 Protestants killed

6. Anabaptists
All Protestant groups believed in Bible as sole source of religious truths
Anabaptists-only people old enough to decide to be Christian should be baptized
Separation of Church and state
Heavily persecuted by both Catholics and Protestants- predecessors of Amish and Mennonites

7. Ignatius of Loyola and Catholic Response
Catholic Church needed to reform-Counter/Catholic Reformation
Ignatius of Loyola-wrote Spiritual Exercises-day-by-day plan of meditation, prayer, etc.
New religious order-Jesuits
Founded schools throughout Europe, trained in both religion and classical students and did missionary work

8. Council of Trent
Paul III investigated indulgences and called Council of Trent
Church interpretation of Bible was final (anyone else heretic)
Both faith and good works for salvation
Bible and Church tradition equally important
Indulgences true expressions of faith but no false selling
Index of Forbidden Books by Paul IV-books burned

9. Effects of the Reformation
New Christian denominations developed
Catholic Church became more unified and less corrupt
New focus on education-more schools, books, etc.
Individual monarchs and states gained power (emergence of nation-states)
New focus of questioning beliefs, authority, etc.