1. DNA

3. DNA
A nucleic acid that stores and transmits genetic information from one generation to the next.
Is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms.
Molecule that controls a cell’s function

4. DNA
Nearly every cell type in a person’s body has the same DNA. Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus (where it is called nuclear DNA), but a small amount of DNA can also be found in the mitochondria (where it is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA).

5. DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
Nucleic Acid – A complex molecule that is made up of smaller nucleotides
Each nucleotide is made up of three segments, a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen base.

6. DNA Components and Structure
The sugar is a 5 carbon sugar named
deoxyribose

7. DNA Components and Structure
A Phosphate group

8. DNA Components and Structure
A Nitrogen base
Two bases are
Adenine
Guanine
They are similar to each other

9. DNA Components and Structure
Nitrogen base
2 other bases are
Thymine
Cytosine
They are similar to each other

10. A DNA (nucleic acid) molecule
1,000,000 nucleotides long would have
??? Sugar molecules
How many different types of sugar?
??? Phosphate molecules
How many different types of phosphate?
??? Nitrogen base molecules
How many different types of nitrogen base?

11. Shape double helix two strands wound around each other
A ladder that has been twisted
Shape is due to the shape of the molecules, and their specific bonding angles

12. Base pairing MEMORIZE Adenine bonds or pairs with Thymine
Guanine bonds or pairs with Cytosine
This is the base pairing rule – other combinations will not happen in DNA

13. Nitrogen Bases Purines Pyrimidines 2 rings Adenine Guanine 1 ring
Thymine
Cytosine

14. Sketch into notes

15. Big Numbers
The human genome contains million (3.2 billion) chemical nucleotide bases (A, C, T, and G).

16. More Big Numbers
Human chromosomes range in length from 47 to 245 million base pairs. With few exceptions (e.g., red blood cells), each of the trillions of cells in the human body contains a complete set of chromosomes--the genome. If all the bases in the human genome were spread out 1 millimeter apart, they would extend from Memphis to Los Angeles.

17. Question Why are there 4 nitrogen bases in DNA?
Why is one side of a DNA molecule A_T_T_A_C_G_A_T_C_C_G_A, instead of A_A_A_A_A_A_A_A_A_A_A_A?

18. ANSWER
The different combinations, or sequence of different nitrogen bases are the code –
They code for different instructions or traits in the cell, or organism

19. Website

20. DNA Replication Copying of the DNA molecule
Must happen before a cell divides
Happens during ?? Phase of cell cycle

21. Base Pairing and Replication
Each individual strand of DNA has the information to reconstruct the other half
Since each strand can make the other, they are called complementary
In prokaryotes, replication usually begins at a single point and proceeds in both directions
In eukaryotes, In larger eukaryotes, replication happens at hundreds of places at one time

22. Replication DNA molecule separates in to two strands
Two new complementary strands are made following base pairing rules
Each strand of DNA acts as a template, or model for a new strand
When finished, the two identical copies of DNA have one “original” strand, and one “new” strand

23. What/How A series of enzymes makes this happen
Unzip DNA
Connect new nucleotides
DNA polymerase proofreads and joins individual nucleotides together
Several enzymes/proteins have roles in the replication process – more complicated than your book discusses

26. What is the deal with mammalian red blood cells?
These cells' cytoplasm is rich in hemoglobin, an iron-containing biomolecule that can bind oxygen and is responsible for the blood's red color.
In humans, mature red blood cells are oval and flexible biconcave disks. They lack a cell nucleus and most organelles to accommodate maximum space for hemoglobin.

27. No Nucleus
Means no DNA.
As erythrocytes mature they extrude their nuclei order to provide more space for hemoglobin.
In mammals, erythrocytes also lose all other cellular organelles such as their mitochondria, Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum.

28. Animations http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAreplication.html

29. Mr. W “rap”