1. UNIT 3
Disposable world

2. FOOD AND DRINK HEALTH AND LIFESTYLE
Much-many- a lot of / lots of
Definig relative clauses
Comparative and superlative adjectives

3. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
WHO
WHICH
THAT
WHERE
WHEN
WHOSE

4. USES
They make reference to the person, object, idea or place we are talking about
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
THEY REFER TO ….
WHO
The boy who lives next door is Mery’s brother
People
Mery’s brother
WHICH
That book which is about the Second World War is amazing
Things/Ideas/Animals…..
The book
WHERE
Granada is a city. I grew up there
Granada is the city where I grew up
Places
Granada
WHEN / IN WHICH
Summer is a season. We go to the beach then
Summer is the season when / in which we go to the beach
Time
Summer

5. You will learn that sometimes they can be ommited
Remember:
WHO refers to people and WHICH refers to animals, things, …
“THAT” sometimes can replace WHO and WHICH (in Defining Relative Clauses ):
Did you know the girl WHO/THAT came to the party yesterday?
The book WHICH/THAT I’m reading is very interesting.
You will learn that sometimes they can be ommited

6. WHEN shows Time:
- I will never forget the day + I met my best friend that day
I’ll never forget the day (WHEN/THAT) I met my best friend.
WHERE refers to Places:
-This is the hotel + We are staying at the hotel next weekend:
This is the hotel WHERE we are staying next weekend.
- The city is interesting + my sister is living in the city:
The city WHERE my sister is living is interesting.
(WHEN can also be omitted in Defining Relative Clauses).

7. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
They give essential information about people, things or places in the main clause
This is the CD which everyone is talking about.
We can use THAT instead of which/who
I hate people who never listen
She is living in the house where I was born
That’s the dog whose owner is a famous actor
This is the book which I gave you

8. Write who/that/which in the blanks.
a. I met a woman who can speak six languages.
b. What’s the name of the man _____________ lives next door?
c. What’s the name of the river _____________ goes through the town?
d. Everybody _____________ went to the party enjoyed it very much.
e. Do you know anybody _____________ wants to buy a car?
f. Where is the picture _____________ was on the wall?
g. She always asks me questions _____________ are difficult to answer.
h. I have a friend _____________ is very good at repairing cars.
i. A coffee-maker is a machine _____________ makes coffee.
j. I don’t like people _____________ never stop talking.
k. Have you seen the money _____________ was on the table?
l. Why does he always wear clothes _____________ are too small for him?

9. b. She spoke to the man. He was standing next to her.
Join the sentences using who or which.
a. We chose the hotel. It seemed to be the nicest. We chose the hotel which seemed to be the nicest.
b. She spoke to the man. He was standing next to her.
_______________________________________________________________
c. I read the letters. They came in the morning post.
d. He likes the other people. They work in his office.
e. She’s that singer. She was on television last night.
f. Next week there is a festival. It happens in the village every summer.
g. I paid the bills. They came yesterday.

10. 9. Complete the conversation by putting who or which into the gaps.
Carol: Did you watch that programme last night?
David: Which one?
Carol: The programme which I mentioned a couple of days ago. It’s
new series __________ started last night.
David: No, I didn’t see it. Was it good?
Carol: Yes. It was about a group of friends __________ were at school together. Well, Rupert ...
David: Who was Rupert?
Carol: He was an old student of the school __________ had become a doctor. He went to a party __________ his old teachers organised. He met a lot of people __________ had been at school with him many years before. They talked about the things __________ they did when they were at school. Then suddenly, Rupert saw an old girl-friend __________ was dancing with John ...
David: Don’t tell me any more. It’s getting too complicated!

11. Form
There are no commas in defining relative clauses. We can replace who or which with that in defining relative clauses.
She’s the woman that works with my mother.
This is the book that I told you about.
Who, which, that and when can be omitted when they are the object of the verb in the second clause, e.g.
There’s the man that the police have been looking for.
Whose and where can’t be omitted.

12. DEFINING AND NON DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
THAT
WHO
WHICH
WHERE
WHEN
WHOSE
NO COMMAS
CAN BE OMMITED

13. LET’S MAKE THESE SENTENCES
- “Peter is the student”+ “He comes from Glasgow”:
“Peter is the student WHO comes from Glasgow”.
- “The books are on the table” + “They are mine”:
“The books WHICH are on the table are mine”.
- “I’ve just met Tom” + “Tom seems to be a nice guy”: “I’ve just met Tom, WHO seems to be a nice guy”
“I’d love to visit London”+ “It is a beautiful city”:
“I’d love to visit London, WHICH is a beatiful city”
LET’S MAKE THESE SENTENCES

14. COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES

15. Comparatives
Comparatives are used to show the difference between two objects.
Let’s say that I have two dogs. I have a little Chihuahua called RAMBO and a big Labrador WINNIE. A comparative is used to show the difference between the two.
WINNIE is big so we can say “WINNIE is bigger than RAMBO”. Because RAMBO is small, we can say “RAMBO is smaller than WINNIE ”.
To learn to use these we need to learn five basic rules.

16. Rule 1. If an adjective has 1 SYLLABLE we add the ending –er to the adjective.
i.e. small + er = smaller than
i.e. hard + er = harder than
The ant is smaller than the hippo.

17. The elephant is fatter than the giraffe.
Rule 2. If a ONE SYLLABLE ADJECTIVE ends with a consonant + a vowel + a consonant you must double the last consonant and then ad –er.
i.e. big + er = bigger than i.e. fat + er = fatter than
The elephant is fatter than the giraffe.

18. The girl is happier than the duck.
Rule 3. If an ADJECTIVE ENDS WITH A “Y”, remove the “y” and add –ier. i.e. happy –y + ier = happier than i.e. funny –y + ier = funnier than
The girl is happier than the duck.

19. The butterfly is more beautiful than the frog.
Rule 4. If an ADJECTIVE HAS TWO SYLLABLES OR MORE WITHOUT A “Y” then add the word “more” before the word. If the adjective ends with a “y”, you will only add the word “more” if it has three syllables or more. i.e. beautiful + more = more beautiful than
i.e. expensive + more = more expensive than i.e. satisfactory + more = more satisfactory than
The butterfly is more beautiful than the frog.

20. Rule 5. There are a few exceptions. good = better than
Rule 5. There are a few exceptions. good = better than bad = worse than far = farther than

21. Remember, when using a comparative you must always follow it with the word “THAN”.
The Toyota is smaller than the Ford. The Ford is bigger than the Toyota. The ant is smaller than the hippo.
The elephant is fatter than the giraffe.
The girl is happier than the duck.
The butterfly is more beautiful than the frog.

22. Superlatives
Superlatives are used to show the difference between more than two objects.
Let’s say that I have three animals.
I have a little Chihuahua called RAMBO, a big Labrador WINNIE and an elephant called DUMBO. A superlative is used to show the differences that exist in the group
DUMBO is big so we can say “DUMBO is the biggest”.
Because RAMBO is small, we can say “RAMBO is the smallest”.
To learn to use these we need to learn five basic rules.

23. Rule 1. If an adjective has 1 syllable we add the ending –est to the adjective. i.e. small + est = the smallest i.e. hard + est = the hardest
The ant is the smallest.

24. The hippo is the fattest.
Rule 2. If a one syllable adjective ends with a consonant + a vowel + a consonant you must double the last consonant and ad –est. i.e. big + est = the biggest i.e. fat + est = the fattest
The hippo is the fattest.

25. The elephant is the heaviest.
Rule 3. If an adjective ends with a “y”, remove the “y” and add –iest. i.e. happy –y + iest = the happiest i.e. funny –y + iest = the funniest
The elephant is the heaviest.

26. The airplane is the most expensive.
Rule 4. If an adjective has two syllables or more without a “y” then add the word “most” before the word. If the adjective ends with a “y”, you will only add the word “most” if it has three syllables or more. i.e. beautiful + most = the most beautiful i.e. expensive + most = the most expensive i.e. satisfactory + most = the most satisfactory
The airplane is the most expensive.

27. Rule 5. There are a few exceptions. good = the best. bad = the worst
Rule 5. There are a few exceptions. good = the best bad = the worst far = the farthest

28. Remember, when using a superlative you must always precede it with the word “THE”. The Toyota is the smallest. The Ford is the biggest. Brad Pitt is the most handsome. The airplane is the most expensive. Jim Carrey is the funniest.