1. America’s History Seventh Edition
James A. Henretta
Rebecca Edwards
Robert O. Self
America’s History Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 7
Politics and Society in the New Republic
Copyright © 2011 by Bedford/St. Martin’s

2. I. The Political Crisis of the 1790s
The Federalists Implement the Constitution p204
1. Devising the New Government- George Washington elected unanimously by the Electoral College-President had sole authority to remove advisors-set a precedent for future presidents to select their own cabinet
2. The Bill of Rights- set a proper balance between state and national government-safeguarded personal freedoms and legal rights but did not guarantee voting rights
Hamilton’s Financial Program p204
1. Public Credit: Redemption and Assumption 206- to establish good credit and get the rich invested in the financial success of America
2. Creating a National Bank-to create a uniform currency-make business loans-opposed by TJ as unconstitutional
3. Raising Revenue through Tariffs-revenue not protective-excise tax on whiskey to pay interest on debt
The Political Crisis of the 1790s
The Federalists Implement the Constitution
1. Devising the New Government – Washington received the highest number of votes from the Electoral College and was elected president in 1788, John Adams elected VP; Washington insisted that only the president had the right to remove appointed government officials; appointed a cabinet: T. Jefferson (head of Dept. of State), A. Hamilton (head of Treasury Dept), and Henry Knox (Sec. of War). Judiciary Act of 1789 established a federal district court in each state with three circuit courts to hear appeals; Supreme Court would have final judicial say.
2. The Bill of Rights – added to the Constitution; Madison (now a member of Congress) submitted 19 amendments; 10 were approved by 1791; these 10 consisted the nation’s first Bill of Rights to protect the individual citizen against an oppressive national government.
Hamilton’s Financial Program (Hamilton wrote three reports to Congress to outline his economic plans.)
1. Public Credit: Redemption and Assumption – (1790) extremely controversial because it would create a permanent national debt; suggested that Congress “redeem at face value the $55 million in Confederation securities held by foreign and domestic investors” to create good credit; critics said this policy would unfairly increase the profits of speculators; wanted to improve public credit by having the national government assume the war debt of the states.
2. Creating a National Bank – (December 1790) Hamilton argued that a national bank would be jointly owned by private stockholders and the national government; bank would make loans to merchants, handle government funds, and issue bills of credit; Jefferson and Madison opposed a national bank (strict interpretation of Constitution) on the grounds that the government did not have the right/power to create such an institution.
3. Raising Revenue through Tariffs – report on manufactures (December 1791); called for Congress to impose “excise” taxes to pay the interest on the national debt; advocated revenue tariffs and not protective tariffs.

3. Ask students to consider this image and the following image together.
1. What common theme is conveyed by these two engravings?
(Answer: both celebrate George Washington: in one Washington is met by bowing, flower-bearing women as he tips his hat to them, while in the other he is addressing a group of soldiers with the images of prominent American men in the background.)
2. For what purpose(s) might the engravings have been created?
(Answers: both images seek to evoke feelings of patriotism and a sense of honoring the nation’s history, the Revolution, and the forefathers.)

4. Ask students to consider this image and the previous image together.
1. What common theme is conveyed by these two engravings?
(Answer: both celebrate George Washington: in one Washington is met by bowing, flower-bearing women as he tips his hat to them, while in the other he is addressing a group of soldiers with the images of prominent American men in the background.)
2. For what purpose(s) might the engravings have been created?
(Answers: both images seek to evoke feelings of patriotism and a sense of honoring the nation’s history, the Revolution, and the forefathers.)

6. I. The Political Crisis of the 1790s
Jefferson’s Agrarian Vision p
Federalists vs Democratic Rebublicans
1. Southern Planters and Western Farmers-The excise tax on whiskey led to rebellion-GW used the army to crush it-first test of the power of federal govt
The French Revolution Divides Americans-Washington Proclamation of Neutrality-trade flourished
1. Ideological Politics-Americans took sides over French Revolution-Federalists pro British Democrats pro French
2. Jay’s Treaty-pro British resolution over seizure of American merchant ships 1795
The Political Crisis of the 1790s
Jefferson’s Agrarian Vision
1. Southern Planters and Western Farmers – by 1793 the Federalists had split over Hamilton’s financial plans for the nation; southern Federalists supported Jefferson and Madison (called themselves Democratic Republicans), while northerners supported Hamilton (Federalists); Jefferson argued that the wage-labor of the north could not sustain a republican nation; focused instead on yeoman farmers and their families, whose work he argued could support the nation as well as European countries; French Revolution’s disruption of European farming lent credibility to Jefferson’s ideas.
The French Revolution Divides Americans
1. Ideological Politics – Americans made large profits from the French Revolution but argued over the ideologies that led to the revolution; some Americans supported the Jacobin ideas of social egalitarian/democratic society; Americans with strong Christian beliefs disliked the Jacobins closing the churches and feared a similar social rebellion in the U.S.; still other Americans were critical of the revolution’s bloodshed; 1794 Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania as farmers protested Hamilton’s tax on alcohol.
2. Jay’s Treaty – disagreements between the British and Americans over shipments to France led to Jay’s treaty (1793/94) with the British accepting their right to stop neutral ships; Americans could make claims to the British for illegal seizures and required the British to remove their troops and Indian agents from the Northwest Territory; seen as a decidedly pro-British treaty.

7. I. The Political Crisis of the 1790s
The Rise of Political Parties p210
1. Common belief in 1790s that the Public Interest not served by factions
The First Party System-Federalists vs Democratic Republicans-main reason for split was Southern and Western opposition to Hamiltons fiscal policy
Identities of each party-Federalist favored loose interpretation of the Constitution Democrats strict interpretation
Washington Farewell Address 1796 – important to read p226-famously warned against political factions and foreign alliances
1796 election Adams (federalist party) elected TJ was VP after both campaigned-first time in history
XYZ Affair-France wanted bribes from the Adams administration to consider stopping seizure of American ships-result was bad relationship between France and federalist party-began an undeclared war with each side seizing ships
The Political Crisis of the 1790s
The Rise of Political Parties
1. Public Interest – many Americans feared organized political parties because they feared that they did not serve the public interest; debate over Hamilton’s financial policies led to further divide among politicians; by 1796 election the two groups were holding public festivals and processions to celebrate their perspectives and candidates; Adams elected president; maritime disputes with the British erupted in the XYZ Affair.

10. I. The Political Crisis of the 1790s
Constitutional Crisis and the “Revolution of 1800”
Adams Coercive Acts- The Alien and Sedition
Acts suppressed free speech and arrested critics
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions –first time in history states attempted to nullify a federal law-also first “states rights” argument
1. The Election of aka The Revolution of 1800
Adams vs Jefferson first mud slinging campaign
House chose Jefferson over Burr due in part to Hamilton support of TJ-his political opponent
bloodless transfer of power rare for the times
The Political Crisis of the 1790s
Constitutional Crisis and the “Revolution of 1800”
1. The Election of 1800 – public criticism of the new president led to passage of the Naturalization Act (residency requirements for citizenship), Alien Act (allowed deportation of foreigners), and Sedition Act (prohibited publication of insults or attacks against the president or members of Congress); public and political debate broke out over these new laws; contested election of 1800 resulted in Hamilton’s support for Jefferson and his election. 10

11. II. The Westward Movement and the Jeffersonian Revolution
The Expanding Republic and Native American Resistance –beginning in the 1790s western expansion increased dramatically leading to conflict with Indians
Indian policy of U.S.-Takeover vs Assimilation debated
1. Conflict over Land Rights- US claimed trans Appalachian land gained in Treaty of Paris and conquered enemy status for Indians
Threats ,bribery, wars forced natives to give up
land in much of Ohio, New York, and Penn.-Treaty of Greenville 1795-in exchange for keeping land Indians agreed to power of US government over them-reduced British influence
2. Assimilation Rejected-by Indians as they differed from whites on religion, farming, gender roles, and lifestyle
The Westward Movement and the Jeffersonian Revolution
The Expanding Republic and Native American Resistance
1. Conflict over Land Rights – disagreements continued in the west; government asserted control over trans-Appalachia West arguing that the natives who lived there were “conquered”; Indians disagreed because they had not signed the Treaty of Paris; native peoples were forced to cede land in New York and Pennsylvania, were bribed to supply additional land; conflict between allying native groups, white settlers, and the U.S. Army; Greenville Treaty ceded most of Ohio to U.S. and started a wave of migration from the east; by 1805 Ohio was a state with more than 100,000 people.
2. Assimilation Rejected – to prevent conflict, U.S. government encouraged assimilation to white culture; some converted to Christianity but kept their cultural practices.

13. II. The Westward Movement and the Jeffersonian Revolution
Migration and the Changing Farm Economy
1. Southern Migrants- 2 “streams”p215 second stream=slaveowners into AL,MISS.,LA-
2. Exodus from New England-traveled into NY as families and communities-most land had been bought by speculators-p217
3. Innovation on Eastern Farms-new technology, crops, and strategies
The Westward Movement and the Jeffersonian Revolution
Migration and the Changing Farm Economy
1. Southern Migrants – two “streams”: 1) white tenants and yeomen farmers into Kentucky and Tennessee, later into Ohio, Indiana, Illinois; 2) from the Carolinas: slaveowners and slaves moved toward Gulf of Mexico (Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana) to plant cotton.
2. Exodus from New England – Left New England for NH, VT, ME, NY in search of land for their children.
3. Innovation on Eastern Farms – in the north, farmers switched from grain to potatoes, bought farm equipment; began to adopt year-round farming schedules; harder and longer work, improved standard of living. 13

15. 1. Examine this illustration of a Creek log cabin
1. Examine this illustration of a Creek log cabin. Identify traditional symbols of Native American culture.
(Answers: clothing, headdresses, pipe being held by man in foreground, corn being grown in background.)
2. Is there evidence of European influence on the Creek people in this picture?
(Answer: log house is of Scots-Irish or German design.)
3. What do the combination of European and indigenous symbols present in these people’s daily lives teach us about Native Americans in the late eighteenth century?
(Answer: by the1790s native peoples living in the new republic had integrated some European practices in to their lives, including this style of house-building.)

16. II. The Westward Movement and the Jeffersonian Revolution
The Jeffersonian Presidency- inherited a hostile and packed judicial system(Adams midnight judges)-Judiciary Act of 1801
1. Policies-eventually reversed Federalist policies give examples
2. Marbury v. Madison – decided on by historical case gave Supreme Court power to rule national laws unconstitutional aka-judicial review
The Westward Movement and the Jeffersonian Revolution
The Jeffersonian Presidency
1. Policies – Jefferson’s presidency began the “Virginia Dynasty” of Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe ( ); all three actively supported westward expansion; Jefferson reduced the size of the permanent army.
2. Marbury v. Madison – 1808 Supreme Court decision. The Supreme Court did not have the constitutional power to enforce legislation, but did have the power to review legislation and interpret the Constitution.
Jefferson and the West
1. The Louisiana Purchase – Jefferson wanted it to be easier for farm families to acquire land in the west; 1801 Napoleon signed a secret treaty with Spain that regained Louisiana for France; coupled with revolt in Haiti against French rule, Jefferson began to fear relationship with France, made efforts to purchase New Orleans (ultimately all of Louisiana); Jefferson believed this would force Indian population further west.
2. Secessionist Schemes – New England Federalists considered leaving the Union after Louisiana Purchase to form a confederacy of northeastern states, supported by the VP Aaron Burr; Hamilton accused Burr of planning to destroy the Union, a duel occurred between the men and Hamilton was killed; Burr was later acquitted of treason.
3. Lewis and Clark Meet the Mandan and Sioux – 1804 Jefferson sent his secretary Meriwether Lewis and army officer William Clark to explore the Louisiana region; came into contact with Mandan and Sioux peoples; continued traveling further (1,300 miles) into unknown territories; gave to Jefferson the first maps of the western wilderness, its resources and inhabitants.

17. II. The Westward Movement and the Jeffersonian Revolution (cont)
D. Jefferson and the West-favored expansion-made it easier and cheaper for families to buy land 1. The Louisiana Purchase- Napoleon was fighting in Haiti and Europe TJ made offer to buy New Orleans but was sold the entire Louisiana territory for 3 cents an acre doubled the size of the US-causing TJ to go against “strict interpretation of the Constitution 2. Secessionist Schemes—Aaron Burr tried to instigate secession twice-foiled by Hamilton-Burr killed Hamilton in a duel-relate to Federalist #10 3. Lewis and Clark Meet the Mandan and Sioux

18. Purchased from France 15 million-about 3 cents per acre-significantly changed Jefferson’s view of Constitution from strict to loose-at first only tried to purchase New Orleans

19. III. The War of 1812 and the Transformation of Politics
Conflict in the Atlantic and the West p222
1. The Embargo of 1807-in response to impressment by British Navy-”peaceful coersion” very unpopular-damaged economy of U.S. worse than it hurt France and Britain
2. Western War Hawks-Republicans from South and West that favored war included Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun -reasons P
The War of 1812 –events p
1. Federalists Oppose the War-The Hartford Convention-another secession scheme-too late
2. The War’s End- Jacksons victories ,Treaty of Ghent-ended the War of 1812
The War of 1812 and the Transformation of Politics
Conflict in the Atlantic and the West
1. The Embargo of 1807 – Napoleonic War in Europe and the Atlantic eventually brought Americans into the conflict; the British navy impressed Americans into service from merchant ships; Embargo Act of 1807 kept American ships from leaving ports until the French and British restrictions had been lifted; American economy weakened; 1808 Madison elected and continued to restrict American trade.
2. Western War Hawks – Republicans from the West blamed Britain; Tecumseh rebuilt the Western Confederacy (Indians) and mobilized his people (and others) for war; violence broke out between native peoples and white Americans, British aided Indians; war broke out between U.S. and Britain June 1812 with U.S. arguing that Britain had violated the nation’s commercial rights.
The War of 1812
1. Federalists Oppose the War – failed U.S. invasion of British Canada; U.S. offensive in the West; in East, no invasion of Canada as New England Federalists opposed the war completely; in the North war went poorly; in the Southwest Andrew Jackson (slaveholding planter) was leading militiamen from Tennessee successfully against the British and Spanish-supported Indians; New Englanders continued to oppose the war.
2. The War’s End – war cost the U.S. $88 million and grew increased national debt; 1815 Britain called for peace; Treaty of Ghent (1814) put borders back to pre-war.

20. 1. Describe the action taking place in this cartoon.
(Answer: a man of Native American heritage is scalping a man on the ground, nearby a scalped man lies dead; a second native hands a fresh scalp to a British officer, on his back a gun with a sign: “Reward for sixteen scalps”; by the head of the British officer it reads: “Bring me the scalps and the King, our master, will reward you”; atop the image reads the heading: “A scene from the frontier as practiced by the human British and their worthy allies.”)
2. What political perspective is depicted in this image?
(Answer: anti-British, anti-Indian, supportive of colonial efforts to settle the frontier, despite potential for violence and bloodshed.)
3. How does this image feed into stereotypes of both Native Americans and British soldiers in the eighteenth century?
(Answer: the practice of scalping, the over-weight, perhaps over-indulged, British officer, the alliance of the two groups over-simplifies the complex relations that native nations had with the colonists and the British in North America.)

21. Most early battles took place along the Canadian border Navy much more successful than army. Andrew Jacksons victories made him a national hero

22. III. The War of 1812 and the Transformation of Politics
The Federalist Legacy p230
1. Marshall’s Federalist Law –Marbury vs Madison
2. Asserting National Supremacy-McCulluch vs.Maryland
3. Upholding Vested Property Right-Fletcher vs Peck
4. The Diplomacy of J.Q. Adams-list p232
5. Monroe Doctrine-1823 Declared to European powers that Latin America was not subject to colonization-asserted American dominance over the Western hemisphere
The War of 1812 and the Transformation of Politics
C. The Federalist Legacy (Postwar, Republicans split into two opposing camps: “National Republicans” and “Jeffersonian Republicans.”)
1. Marshall’s Federalist Law – John Marshall, Supreme Court Chief Justice; three main principles influenced Marshall’s thinking: 1) judicial authority, 2) supremacy of natural law, 3) traditional property rights.
2. Asserting National Supremacy – dominance of the nation over the state.
3. Upholding Vested Property Right – fearing tyranny of the majority; Marshall advocated protecting the property rights of the individual.
4. The Diplomacy of J.Q. Adams – citizens and political leaders embraced the Republican Party; J.Q. Adams was a member of the Republican Party before the war of 1812 and had negotiated the Treaty of Ghent; Secretary of State under President Monroe.
5. Monroe Doctrine - J.Q. Adams was the architect of the doctrine, which stated the Americas were no longer open for colonization from European Powers and U.S. would not interfere in the internal issue of European nations.