1. Reading Quiz 199-208 Who are the Essex Junto AND what was their goal?
Define Macon’s Bill No. 2 AND explain what it was a result of.
Explain William Harrison’s role in Jefferson’s solution to the “Indian Problem”
Define the “war hawks” AND name an example.

2. Division in the Republican Party
The decline of the Federalists suspended the two-party system:
Led to Republican dominance in national politics from
But…without a clear party to oppose, many Republicans, began attacking Jefferson
The Tertium Quids (“nothings”), criticized Jefferson’s betrayal of strict construction & sacrifice of virtue to get results as president
The Jeffersonian & Quid factions became separate parties by 1824
National Republicans were absorbed into the Whig Party
Jacksonians became the Democratic Party
The “Virginia Dynasty” (Jefferson, Madison, Monroe) dominated the executive branch
Republicans controlled both houses of Congress
By 1820, the Federalists were no longer acting as a national party; there was little to hold the Democratic-Republican Party together. William H. Crawford in 1824 was the last nominee by the Congressional nominating caucus; but the majority of the party boycotted the caucus. Henry Clay finished fourth in the election that year, behind John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, and William Crawford. Their factions became separate parties after the election, of which the Jacksonians became the basis of the present Democratic Party; the National Republicans were absorbed into the Whig coalition which faded out before the American Civil War.
The tertium quids (sometimes shortened to quids) refers to different factions of the United States Democratic-Republican Party during the period In Latin, the term means "a third something". Quid was a disparaging term that referred to cross-party coalitions of Federalists and moderate Democratic-Republicans. When Virginia Congressman John Randolph of Roanoke broke with Jefferson and James Madison in 1806, his Congressional faction was called "quids." Randolph was the leader of the "Old Republican" faction that insisted on strict adherence to the Constitution and opposed any innovations. He made no effort to align with either quid faction in the states and made no effort to build a third party at the federal level. Randolph supported James Monroe against Madison during the runup to the presidential election of 1808, but the state quids supported Madison. They were led by Randolph, who had started as Jefferson's leader in the House and became his bitterest enemy. Randolph denounced the Yazoo Purchase compromise of 1804 as totally corrupt. After Randolph failed in the impeachment of a Supreme Court justice in 1805, he became embittered with Jefferson and Madison, complaining, "Everything and everybody seem to be jumbled out of place, except a few men who are steeped in supine indifference, whilst meddling fools and designing knaves are governing the country " [Risjord 42]. He refused to help fund Jefferson's secret purchase of Florida from Spain. Increasingly, Randolph felt that Jefferson was adopting Federalist policies and betraying the true party spirit. He wrote to an ally that "the Administration....favors federal principles, and, with the exception of a few great rival characters, federal men.... The old {Democratic-) Republican party is already ruined, past redemption. New men and new maxims are the order of the day." [Risjord 47] Randolph's increasingly strident rhetoric limited his influence, and he was never able to build a coalition to stop Jefferson. However, many of his supporters lived on and, by 1824, looked to Andrew Jackson to resurrect what they called "Old Republicanism." 15

3. The Yazoo Controversy
Jefferson endured heavy criticism due to the Yazoo Land Fraud:
Corrupt GA politicians sold 35 million acres of land to insiders at ridiculously low prices
Quids attacked Jefferson for allowing defrauded individuals to keep lands they bought
In Fletcher v. Peck (1810), the Supreme Court allowed purchasers to keep these lands
Together with Marbury v Madison, the Supreme Court defined itself as a legitimate 3rd branch of gov’t
The case established an important precedent:
Supreme Court can nullify any unconstitutional state laws
Again, it’s the Marshall Court
massive fraud perpetrated by several Georgia governors and the state legislature from 1795 to 1803 by selling large tracts of land to insiders at ridiculously low prices.

4. The Slave Trade
At the Philadelphia Convention, slavery was tabled until 1808
In Dec 1806, Jefferson urged Congress to prepare a slave law:
Southerners furiously argued against any slavery legislation
Congress passed a law that ended the slave trade in 1808, but smugglers were to be turned over to local authorities 18

5. Renewed Conflict Overseas
A war would be too expensive & destroy his plans for a small gov’t
In 1803, England & France resumed their war & violated U.S. neutrality rights by seizing ships & impressing American sailors:
Jefferson refused to declare war on either England or France
In 1807, Jefferson approved a very unpopular embargo that prohibited U.S. merchants from trading with England or France
The embargo hurt the NE economy
The embargo did not hurt England or France
Required huge gov’t oversight & an expensive army to suppress smuggling 19

6. C H E S A P E A K E A F F A I R
1806, Chesapeake was a US merchant ship 10 miles off the coast of Virginia. A British ship in the region ordered it to stop.
British fired 3 shots at the Chesapeake before it surrendered
3 Americans were killed, 18 wounded and 4 sailors impressed

7. Regarding the Chesapeake Affair, the Washington Federalist reported,
“We have never, on any occasion, witnessed the spirit of the people excited to so great a degree of indignation, or such a thirst for revenge, as on hearing of the late unexampled outrage on the Chesapeake. All parties, ranks and professions were unanimous in their detestation of the dastardly deed, and all cried aloud for vengeance.”
Most Americans were angered over this incident and public opinion was to go to war with the British.

8. Conclusions During Jefferson’s two terms:
The U.S. doubled in size, saw huge population growth, & experienced western expansion
The role of government shrank
The Jefferson presidency led to a divisive, politically partisan era
The U.S. grew closer to international war due to failed attempts at reconciliation with Europe

9. The Road to War: Renewed Conflict with England & France

10. The Embargo of 1807
When England & France resumed war in 1803 & violated U.S. neutrality, Jefferson approved the unpopular Embargo of 1807
To enforce the embargo, Jefferson contradicted his principles of individual liberty & weak gov’t:
He mobilized the military to enforce the blockade
He declared regions of NY (near Canada) in a state of insurrection 19

12. The Embargo of 1807
"Never did a prisoner, released from his chains, feel such relief as I shall on shaking off the shackles of power.'‘—TJ
For 15 months the embargo proved ineffective; Congress repealed the embargo in 1809
Jefferson’s decision to not run for a third term meant that these problems fell to his hand-picked successor, James Madison
In 1808, Madison was elected president & the Republicans maintained control of the gov’t
The embargo gained no political concessions from France or Britain
But it produced economic hardship, evasion of the law, & political dissension in America
just 3 days before Jefferson left office
In effect for 15 months,. But it had produced economic hardship, evasion of the law, and political dissension at home. :
Congress repealed the embargo just 3 days Jefferson left office

14. The Road to the War of 1812
The focus of Madison’s presidency was foreign policy:
In 1809, the Non-Intercourse Act promised the U.S. will resume trade with England & France once U.S. neutrality is respected
In 1810, Congress replaced this with Macon’s Bill #2 offering exclusive trade to whichever nation 1st honored U.S. neutrality
…but England continued to seize U.S. ships
Madison eagerly reopened trade with England
France agreed to end all trade restrictions (but never stopped seizing ships or impressing sailors) 21

15. Which region would have supported a declaration of war the most?
Patriotism surged as War Hawks claimed the War of 1812 the “Second American Revolution”
Madison eventually gave in & asked Congress for a declaration of war in June 1812
Americans in the West & South wanted war to gain Canada & Spanish Florida
NE Federalists thought war with Britain as a mistake: they feared the U.S. could not defeat England & a war would bankrupt the country
Most calls for war centered on British interference with U.S. trade rights.
"Free Trade & Sailors' Rights" was a popular battle cry
By 1810, War Hawks in Congress, led by Henry Clay (KY) & John C. Calhoun (SC), demanded war with England 23

16. The War of 1812

17. The U.S. did not fare well against the better-trained British troops
War of 1812
The U.S. did not fare well against the better-trained British troops
Despite increased patriotism, the U.S. was unprepared for war:
Congress refused to raise taxes
The army was small & state militias were inadequate
The government was incapable of directing a full-scale war
The U.S. goal for the war was to attack British Canada & force England to respect U.S. rights
The U.S. navy was a little more successful but only because the bulk of British navy was still fighting Napoleon in Europe 24

18. In 1814, the British took the offensive in a 3-pronged attack
The American army under Andrew Jackson defeated the British at New Orleans (after a peace treaty was drawn up ending the war)
The War of 1812
In 1814, the British took the offensive in a 3-pronged attack
British were turned back at Plattsburg on Lake Champlain & gave up their Canadian offensive
The British attacked the undefended Chesapeake & burned Washington, DC & laid siege to Baltimore

19. Fort McHenry in Baltimore, Maryland

20. Hartford Convention
The War of 1812 is still going on!!
In order to reduce southern control of Congress
Federalists opposed the war by not paying taxes or sending troops
In 1814, Federalists met at the Hartford Convention to discuss altering the U.S. Constitution to:
Restrict Congress’ war powers
Supported a one-term president
Abolish the 3/5 clause
They discussed seceding from the USA if they did not get their way
In order to break the Virginia presidential dynasty () 26

21. Spain ceded Florida to the USA
Treaty of Ghent
Treaty of Ghent did not address U.S. neutrality but was ratified unanimously by the Senate
Effects of the war:
Ended all Indian-British alliances in western lands
Scared Spain into signing the Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819
The lack of Federalist loyalty was the fatal blow to the party
Spain ceded Florida to the USA 27

22. Effects of the War of 1812
Though the US might not have gained any lands or major concessions from the war, the War of 1812 did have a number of significant effects on the young nation…
The US gained incredible respect from foreign nations for fighting the world’s greatest power, England, to two stalemates
There was an incredible growth in nationalistic feelings across the US, especially in the west
The idea that the future of the US lay in westward expansion
The death of the Federalist party