Interactions In The Ecosystem

Interactions In The Ecosystem
Environmental Science Chapter 5 Mr. Bass Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Chapter Sections 5.1 Habitats and Niches 5.2 Adaptations and Evolution
5.3 Populations Take notes on the sections highlighted with the gold color. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

5.1 Habitats and Niches Objectives A. Ecosystem B. Alien Species
C. Niches Competitive Exclusion Limited Niches Ecosystem Stability Section Review Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

SWBAT examine how interactions between a species and its environment define the species’ niche. infer how removal of an organism at one trophic level can affect other organisms in the ecosystem. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

A. Ecosystem Ecosystem: a network of living and nonliving things.
Biotic Factors: living organisms (plants, animals, insects, bacteria, viruses, etc.) Abiotic Factors: Nonliving factors. (weather, climate, wind, water, rock, dead things) Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Relationships in an Ecosystem
Organisms are connected by food webs and common needs. All organisms need food, water, and living space. All portions of the ecosystem affect the other portions of the ecosystem. When there is a change to one biotic (or abiotic) factor, it often affects many other factors. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

B. Alien Species Alien Species: a species that is not indigenous to an area. Indigenous: A native species of the area. These alien species may be transferred by man with his knowledge, or many times, without man’s knowledge until after the transfer. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Examples of Alien Species
Kudzu Nutria Water Hyacinth Sika Deer European Horses Fragmites Gypsy Moth Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Kudzu Introduced into the US in 1876. Was used to fight soil erosion.
No natural predators. It is a cousin of peas (legumes). Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Nutria Native to Argentina Brought to the US for the fur industry
Herbivores Few predators Eat Marsh plants in wetlands. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Nutria Major problem is marsh destruction by Nutria.
Cold weather is a factor that helps control the nutria population. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Water Hyacinth Native to Central America
Can double the size in 10 days. Grows in a wide variety of environments. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Sika Deer Originally from Japan Unsure of how they got to the US.
Considered a nuisance animal. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Sika Deer Sika Sounds: Sika Screaming Sika Yak, Yak, Yak
Sika Crackling Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

European Horses Most native American horses are fairly small.
Europeans brought “plow” horses with them. These horses can be relatively large. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Gypsy Moth Brought to US in late 1860 from France.
Was intended to be used to produce silk. Accidentally got loose in Mass. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Effects of Gypsy Moth Main effect is deforestation.
The larva of gypsy moths eat leaves. This can leave an area either totally or partially deforested. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Spread of Gypsy Moth 1900 1934 1965 1994 Updated 1/08/04
(c) 2004 Tim Bass

Effects of Alien Species
Hard to predict the effects. Natural predators of an indigenous species? Any natural predators of alien species? Growth rate of the organism in the ecosystem. What limits the growth of the organism? What are other (often unpredictable) possible outcomes of introducing the alien species? Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

SWBAT describe the concept of the niche. Updated 1/08/04
(c) 2004 Tim Bass

C. Niches Habitat: The specific environment in which a particular species lives. Niche: The role of an organism in the ecosystem. Only one species can occupy a niche. There can be various species occupying similar roles. Various anolis lizard (Pg 73) species vary only in the size of the insects that they eat. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Competitive Exclusion
Competitive Exclusion: The extinction of a population due to direct competition with another species for a resource. If two species try to share the same niche in the same habitat, they will compete for resources. The one that is better adapted (suited) will dominate. The other species will eventually become extinct in that ecosystem. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Limited Niche Competition between species can limit the niche filled in an ecosystem. Fundamental Niche: the theoretical niche that an organism would have without a competing species. Realized Niche: The actual niche of an organism. Example: Barnacles (Pg 74 Figure 5.2 & 5.3) Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Barnacles Species A are the large, ridged barnacles.
Species B are the smaller, smooth barnacles. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Stability Stability: The ability to adapt (survive) to changes.
The concept of stability can be given to both species and ecosystems. Species Stability: The more generalized a species is the greater the species stability. Generalized Species: Species is able to fulfill more than one niche in an ecosystem. Specialized Species: Species is only able to fulfill one niche in an ecosystem. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Ecosystem Stability Factors For Stability:
Niche Diversity: ↑Niche Diversity = ↑Stability Biodiversity: ↑Biodiversity = ↑Stability Number of Trophic Levels: ↑Trophic Levels = ↑Stability Generalized Species: ↑# of Generalized Species = ↑Stability Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Predator’s Role in Biodiversity
Predator: An organism that actively hunts other organisms. Prey: An organism that is hunted. The larger the variety of predators the greater the biodiversity of an ecosystem. Benefits of Predators: Promotes greater biodiversity. Promotes greater niche diversity. Helps control size of prey populations. Next Slide Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Keystone Predators Keystone Predator: A predator that promotes great niche diversity in its habitat. All predators promote biodiversity. Keystone predators are particularly important to the biodiversity of that particular ecosystem. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Starfish Starfish is an example of a keystone predator.

Starfish Robert Paine performed an experiment with starfish.
He removed the starfish from some tidal pools. Overtime the number of mussels increased until some of the other species were extinct. Without the starfish the species changed from 15 (with the starfish) to 8 (after removing the starfish). Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Crown of Thorns The Crown of Thorns is a sea star that lives and feeds on the coral reefs of Australia. The Crown of Thorns used to be very rare because of the predatory fish. Because of over fishing, the predatory fish were removed and the population of Crown of Thorns exploded. Today they consume large stretches of the reef every year. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

5.1 Habitats and Niches End of Section
Objectives A. Ecosystem B. Alien Species C. Niches Competitive Exclusion Limited Niches Ecosystem Stability Section Review Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

5.2 Adaptations and Evolution Table of Contents
Objectives A. Adaptation B. Evolution Specialized Evolution Convergent Evolution Divergent Evolution Coevolution Section Review Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

SWBAT explain how a species adapts to its niche.
distinguish between adaptation and evolution. predict changes that may occur in an ecosystem if biodiversity is reduced. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Distinguish between Adaptation and Evolution
Interactions In The Ecosystem Objective: Distinguish between Adaptation and Evolution Evolution Adaptation Change to Species Change in Individual Organism Change in Physical Characteristics Change in Behavior Occurs over many generations Occurs immediately Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Evolution Specialized Evolution Convergent Evolution
Divergent Evolution Coevolution Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

SWBAT describe specialized evolution and relate it to the concept of the niche. explain how specialized evolution can actually hurt the stability of a species or ecosystem. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Specialized Evolution
Specialized Evolution: A species changes to be able to function only in a very narrow niche. Specialized Species: Can only survive in one niche in order to survive. Species Stability is very low. Only one change can eliminate their niche, and eliminate the species. Example are Warblers (pg 76) Panda Bears and Koala Bears. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Warbler Adaptations The Warbler species developed different niches because they feed in different parts of the spruce tree. They all live in spruce trees. They all eat insects. They all eat in different parts of the tree. This allows all of the species the ability to coexist. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Koala Bear Koala Bears eat only eucalyptus tree leaves.
If the eucalyptus trees die, so would the Koala Bear. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Panda Bears Panda Bears eat bamboo.
Objective: Panda Bears Panda Bears eat bamboo. When there is no bamboo the Panda Bears will not be able to survive. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Convergent Evolution Convergent Evolution: independent development of similar changed characteristics in two species with similar habitats. Birds and Bats Dolphin and Ichthyosaur Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Birds and Bats Both, independently, developed wings. Updated 1/08/04
(c) 2004 Tim Bass

Objective: Divergent Evolution Divergent Evolution: Evolutionary pattern that refers to the origin of new populations from old ones; more specifically, two or more species that originate from a common ancestor. Best example is that of pesticide resistant insects. This is not the same as the divergent evolution of the “Evolution Theory” Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Coevolution Coevolution: Two (or more) species which develop characteristics in relation to each other. Plants and Caterpillars Acacia Tree & Fire Ants Clown Fish & Sea Anemone Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Plants & Caterpillars Many plants have developed poisonous chemicals that prevent insects from eating them. Some caterpillars have developed the ability to eat the poisonous leaves. Some caterpillars can only eat the poisonous leaves. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Acacia Tree & Fire Ants The tree provides a hollow needle that serves as the nest for the ants. The ants can only feed on the acacia. The ants provide protection for the tree and help eliminate competition for the tree by clearing the ground at the base of the tree. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Clown Fish & Sea Anemone

Clown Fish & Sea Anemone
Objective: Clown Fish & Sea Anemone The Sea Anemone has tentacles which have poisonous darts. If a predator gets too close to the sea anemone it shoots the darts into it, and therefore most organisms stay away. The clown fish is not affected by the darts. It has a slimy coat that the sea anemone does not recognize as foreign. The clown fish gains protection from predators. The Sea Anemone gets the water stirred up around it to gain more access to food. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

5.2 Adaptations and Evolution End of Section
Objectives A. Adaptation B. Evolution Specialized Evolution Convergent Evolution Divergent Evolution Coevolution Section Review Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

5.3 Populations Table of Contents
Objectives Population Growth Limiting Factors Carrying Capacity Human Population Section Review Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

5.3 Objectives: SWBAT describe the factors that limit the growth of a population. identify the shapes of growth curves that represent populations of different organisms. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Table of Contents A. Population Growth
A. Basic Definitions B. Factors affecting Populations Density Dependent Factors Density Independent Factors C. Exponential Population Growth D. Boom and Bust Cycle Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Basic Definitions Ecosphere Ecosystems
Organisms: Individual biotic factors. Populations: Groups of similar organisms living in the same area. Communities: Groups of different populations living in the same general area. Ecosystems: Biotic and abiotic factors of an environment. Organisms Populations Communities Ecosystems Ecosphere Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Ecosphere Ecosphere: All of Earth’s ecosystems all together.
Ecotone: the transition zone between different ecosystem. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Populations Ecosphere Ecosystems Communities Populations Organisms

Population Growth Rate
Objective: Population Growth Rate Population growth rate: the difference between the birth rate and the death rate. Birth Rate – Death Rate = Population Growth Positive Growth Rate: Large Birth Rate and Small Death Rate Negative Growth Rate (Shrinking Population): Small Birth Rate and Large Death Rate Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

SWBAT Distinguish between density dependent and density independent factors that limit population growth. Predict the type of graph that will result from different conditions of population growth. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Population Density Population Density: the number of a species in a specific area. Limiting Factors: factors which effect the population growth. Density Dependent: Factors dependent upon the population size. Density Independent: Factors which are not affected by the population density of a species. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Density Dependent Factors
Predation Parasitism Disease Food Competition Living Space Water Availability As populations go up, these factors become stronger factors in limiting growth. Shows a S-shaped population curve. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Exponential Growth Predation Parasitism Disease Food Competition Living Space Water Availability As population increases each of these factors acts more strongly to limit growth. Populations controlled by density dependent factors show an S-shaped growth curve. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Exponential Growth Curve

Density Independent Limiting Factors
Climate Human Disturbance Weather Natural Disasters Volcanoes Limits populations regardless of population size. Populations tend to show bust and boom pattern when these factors affect population. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Types of Growth Exponential Population Growth
Characteristics Typical growth curve. Bust and Boom Population Growth Cause of bust and boom cycle. Typical Growth curve. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Bust and Boom Pattern Climate Human Disturbance Weather Natural Disasters Volcanoes Effected by Population Dependent-Independent factors. Effected regardless of size of population. Populations controlled by dependent-Independent factors show the bust and boom type of curve. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

SWBAT Explain the effects and causes of a carrying capacity for a species. Explain how the carrying capacity for a species can change. analyze and identify the limiting factors that can affect carrying capacity. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Carrying Capacity Carrying Capacity: the number of individuals of a species that can be supported by an ecosystem. As population grows, it takes more and more resources. Eventually the death rate will equal the birth rate. When carrying capacity is reached individuals will still be born and die, but the total will be constant. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Changing Carrying Capacity
A large number of factors have increased the carrying capacity. Advances in: Agriculture Technology Energy Development Transportation Medicine In a balanced ecosystem, the carrying capacity for a given species should be stable. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Logical End No population can grow exponentially forever on Earth.
Objective: Logical End No population can grow exponentially forever on Earth. The growth of the human population will level off as the planet’s resources become fully utilized. The challenges for the human species lie in minimizing our impacts on our only habitat. Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

5.3 Populations Index End of Section
Objectives Population Growth Limiting Factors Carrying Capacity Human Population Section Review Updated 1/08/04 (c) 2004 Tim Bass

Interactions In The Ecosystem

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