1. CELLULAR COMPOUNDS
Macromolecules

2. A. Overview
Most matter in your body that is not water is made of organic compounds
Organic compounds contain carbon (C) H H C H H

3. H H H H H H H H H C C H C H H C C C C C H H H H H H H H H
Very large carbon compound molecules (up to thousands of C atoms) necessary for life are polymers of smaller monomers called macromolecules
Monomer: singular molecule that may join other monomers to form a polymer
Polymer: substance made up of two or more like molecules to form a more complex molecule H H H H H H H H H C C H C H H C C C C C H H H H H H H H H

5. Four classes of organic compounds found in living things:
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

6. C H C O H H O B. Carbohydrates (4 calories per gram)
Composed of C, H, O in C1H2O1 ratio
Simplest kind of carbohydrate is a simple sugar called a monosaccharide
Monosaccharide = 1
Disaccharide = 2
Tri/polysaccharide = 3 or more C H C O H H O

7. building blocks of simple sugars or monosaccharides such as glucose (C6H12O6) is a major source of energy in cells
Glucose

8. common table sugar is glucose joined to fructose to make a disaccharide sucrose

9. Largest kind of carbohydrates are called polysaccharides (MANY sugars)

10. 3 kinds of polysaccharides:
starch: used by plants for energy
potatoes
corn
wheat
rice

11. glycogen: used by mammals & stored in liver
60,000 glucose molecules bound together

12. cellulose: made by plants to form cell walls
indigestible in humans (known as fiber)
wood
fruit
cotton

14. C H H H H H H H H H O O C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H
C. Lipids (9 calories per gram)
Nonpolar molecule composed of large fatty acid chains of C with H bonds and few O C H H H H H H H H H O O C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H

15. Typical fat contains 3 fatty acid chains bonded to a glycerol (glycerin) molecule
Glycerol is a 3-carbon molecule (C3H8O3) that acts like the backbone holding 3 fatty acids together
Glycerol

16. H H H C C H H H Beneficial for 3 reasons:
Energy storage (in bonds between C and H atoms)
Insulation (adipose tissue)
Protective coatings (membranes) H H
ATP H C C H H H

17. 4 major types of lipids: Fats Phospholipids Waxes Steroid Hormones
Vegetable oils (corn, olive)
Animal fat and oils (fish)
Phospholipids
Cell membranes
Waxes
Ear wax
Beeswax
Steroid Hormones
Testosterone
Estrogen

18. All lipids can be classified in 2 ways:
Saturated fatty acids = all C single bonds, solid

19. Unsaturated fatty acids = C-C double bond, liquid
Monounsaturated (1 double bond)
Polyunsaturated (>1 double bond)
Trans fat (1 double bond)

20. C H O N S D. Proteins (4 calories per gram)
Comprised of C, H, O, N, sometimes S
Made of many amino acids strung together by peptide bond C H O N S

21. 20 types of amino acids, so are thousands of types of proteins
properties of amino acids determines its shape, pH, folding
some are polar, some are nonpolar; some are electrically charged, others not

22. Specialized proteins have important functions:
Enzyme promote and speed up chemical reactions
Collagen is found in skin, hair, nails, tendons, bones

23. Antibodies aid in defense against infection
Hemoglobin carries oxygen from lungs to body tissues in blood

24. C H O N P E. Nucleic acids (0 calories)
Complex biomolecules that stores information in form of a code; polymers made of smaller subunits called nucleotides
Nucleotides comprised of C, H, O, N, and P C H O N P

25. 3 components of a nucleotide:
phosphate
Sugar (ribose)
Base

26. Two types of nucleic acids:
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Ribose containing nucleic acid without oxygen
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Ribose containing nucleic acid with oxygen

28. My Macromolecules What should your macromolecules intake be?
Nutrition pyramid (2010)
Mypyramid.gov
My plate (2011)
Choosemyplate.gov

29. THE END