1. "THE BIG 4"
MACROMOLECULES

2. Macromolecule Polymer Monomer
Before you can understand the topics in this unit there are some key vocabulary terms you need to know.
Macromolecule
Polymer
Monomer

3. What is a
MACROMOLECULE

4. Oooooh, BIG ScaRy Science word!

5. What do these words mean?
Micro
MACRO

6. So What Is A Macromolecule?
You should be able to define it on your own !

7. How do you make a Macromolecule?
Need small building blocks
These are called monomers
Link Monomers together you get
Polymers
Greek
Poly (many)
Meros (parts)

8. Next Word…..
Polymer

9. "Poly"
Polygons
Polyester
Polygamy
Means...

10. MANY
POLY means

11. What does “Mono” mean? 1

12. A Polymer EXAMPLE of POLYMER MONOMER A TRAIN ? A NECKLACE
Here are some analogies to better understand what polymers and monomers are….
EXAMPLE of POLYMER
MONOMER
A TRAIN ?
A NECKLACE
If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?

13. A Polymer EXAMPLE of POLYMER MONOMER A TRAIN THE CARS A NECKLACE
Here are some analogies to better understand what polymers and monomers are….
EXAMPLE of POLYMER
MONOMER
A TRAIN
THE CARS
A NECKLACE
EACH PEARL
If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?

14. How do you make a macromolecule?
You must link the monomers
You must remove a hydrogen ion and a hydroxide ion
These will form water
This process is called condensation or dehydration synthesis

15. Can you break a macromolecule apart?
Yes! Just add water
HYDROLYSIS
hydro = water
lyse = to break

16. Now you and your lab partner need to think of at least 2 other analogies for a polymer and its monomers.

17. Now we are ready to
begin our study of...

18. The Big Four

19. 1 2 3 4

20. NO WAY!!

21. The Big 4 There are 4 types of biochemical macromolecules
•What does “Bio-Chemical” mean?
Break it down: How do you define bio?
How do you define chemical?
•Then what is a BIOchemical macromolecule?

22. Three out of the 4 types of biochemical macromolecules can be found on food nutrition labels…

23. The 3 biochemical molecules found on a nutrition label are:
Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4 macromolecules can be found in foods.
The 3 biochemical molecules
found on a nutrition label are:
FAT
1____________________
2____________________
3____________________
(0 grams in this product)
Carbohydrates
(13 grams in this product)
Protein
(9 grams in this product)

24. What is the fourth
type of biochemical
macromolecule?

25. The 4th type of biochemical macromolecules are the NUCLEIC ACIDS
The types of Nucleic Acids
we will study are:
DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid)
RNA (RiboNucleic Acid)

26. “DNA” is short for DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
Now you know why they just call it DNA!

27. When studying these biochemical molecules, we are interested in finding out…..
what they do for living things.
what they generally look like.
what their monomers are.
and how they may help the body gain energy to sustain life.

28. YOU CREATE IT: You are about to learn all about the BIG 4.
Nucleic Acids What they look like
Carbohydrates What they do/Where are they
Lipids What are they made up of-
at the level of atoms
Proteins How they help gain energy

29. LET’S BEGIN WITH CARBOHYDRATES
WHAT DO THEY DO?
They are the main source for the body to gain energy. They are our fuel!
They make up the cell wall in plants which allow them to grow tall, without this carbohydrate, a plant would be a mushy mess! This type of carbohydrate is called Cellulose.
THINK: CARBS= ENERGY and CELL WALLS

30. CARBOHYDRATES
WHERE ARE THEY FOUND?
In plant foods- in the cell walls of plants --- in fruits, vegetables, peas, beans, SUGAR comes from a plant and so does FLOUR! (pasta, potatoes, bread, candy, cookies)
In animal products- in MILK

31. THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES
Simple
Complex

32. Simple Sugars are carbohydrates made up of 1 or 2 monomers
Simple Sugars are carbohydrates made up of 1 or 2 monomers. They also taste sweet. Monosaccharide = 1 sugar Disaccharide = 2 sugars

33. COOKIES and CANDY
CAKES
FRUITS
Simple Sugars

34. Complex Carbohydrates… What are they?
Complex Cabohydrates are polymers made up of many monomers.
Most also taste starchy.
Polysaccharide = many sugars

35. Complex Carbohydrates
WHOLE GRAINS
FIBER
STARCHES
BREADS
PASTAS
VEGETABLES

36. CARBOHYDRATES
MADE UP OF...
Carbohydrates are chains (polymers) made of monomers. The most common monomer of carbohydrates is…
GLUCOSE

37. The shape of Glucose is a hexagonal ring

38. Starch, cellulose, chitin

39. Each carbohydrate is made up of… Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
CARBOHYDRATES
AT THE ATOM LEVEL
Each carbohydrate is made up of…
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
THINK: “CHO”

40. Proteins - Essential to the Structure & Function of Life

41. NOW ONTO PROTEINS WHAT DO THEY DO?
They are the major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair : muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails…IN FACT ALL CELL MEMBRANES have protein in them
They make up antibodies in the immune system
They make up enzymes for helping chemical reactions
They makeup non-steriod hormones which
THINK: Proteins= membranes, enzymes, antibodies, non-steriod hormones, structural molecules, “MEANS”

42. 7 Major Classes of Protein
Structural – includes spider silk, human hair, & fibers that make up tendons & ligament
Contractile – provide muscular movement
Storage – ovalbumin (egg white)
Defensive – antibodies
5) Transport- hemoglobin (iron containing protein in blood)
6) Signal – hormones coordinating body activity
7) Enzymes – serves as a chemical catalyst (changes the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed)

43. MORE ON PROTEINS…
The following slides give you a little more in depth info on things that are made of proteins…

44. Muscles, ligaments, tendons, and bones
Without these particular structural proteins, we would look more like this….

45. Well, maybe not exactly…

46. Hair, Skin, and Nails

47. Microscope View of Skin and Nails
This is skin
This is a nail

48. Cell Membrane
The cell membrane surrounds everything in a cell so it doesn’t
leak out. It is kind of like the balloon in a water balloon.
The cell membrane is made mostly of protein AND lipids.

49. Antibodies
Antibodies are part of the immune system. When something enters the body that isn’t supposed to be there, like certain bacteria, antibodies find the invader and stick themselves onto it. When a white blood cell finds the invader covered with antibodies, it knows it doesn’t belong there and kills it.

50. Enzymes
Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions. If you didn’t have enzymes in your stomach to speed up digestion, the food would rot in your stomach because it would take so long!

51. HORMONES
Hormones are chemicals made in glands that are in one place in the body and then put into the blood to be used in another.
These are where the
hormone producing
glands are located
in your body.

52. Thyroid hormone regulates how fast your body uses energy.
The thyroid is found in the middle of your neck, by your voice box. Here is a picture of those cells secreting the thyroid hormone.
(The yellow stuff is
thyroid hormone)
Thyroid hormone regulates how fast your body uses energy.
If you have an over active thyroid, you use energy quickly and tend to be very thin and have a hard time putting on weight.
If you have an under active thyroid gland, you use energy very slowly and tend to carry more body fat and have a difficult time losing it.
Don’t be quick to think you have a thyroid problem if you are overweight, chances are it’s actually your eating and exercise habits!

53. PROTEINS In plant foods- in the cell membranes
WHERE ARE THEY FOUND?
In plant foods- in the cell membranes
In animal products- in the cell membranes- in the muscles or living things- cows, chicken, fish…

54. Proteins

55. Proteins
Aside from the protein found in animal sources…protein can also be found in fruits, vegetables, grains, and nuts. (it just does not have as many amino acids)

56. PROTEINS
MADE UP OF...
Proteins are made of long chains (polymers) made of monomers. All proteins are made of the monomer…
AMINO ACID

57. Protein From the Greek word “proteios” First place
Most diverse in structure & function
Monomers
Amino acids
Consisting of an amino group and a carboxyl group covalently bonded together

58. How do Proteins Form? Monomers are linked by condensation
The OH from the carboxyl group binds with the H from the amino group
The amino acid is held together by a peptide bond
2 amino acids = dipeptide bond
3 or more amino acids = polypeptide bond

59. The shapes of proteins are like a balled up piece of string
Amino Acid chain
All wound up

60. PROTEINS THINK: “CHONS” Each protein is made up of…
AT THE ATOM LEVEL
Each protein is made up of…
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen,
Nitrogen and sometimes Sulfur
THINK: “CHONS”

61. LIPIDS ARE NEXT WHAT DO THEY DO?
They are a great source of STORED ENERGY so we have it in the future.
They INSULATE the body to maintain normal body temperature and they CUSHION the internal organs for protection.
They produce hormones for the body called STERIODS
They waterproof surfaces of animals,plants, and fruits- these are waxes!
THINK: Waterproof, insulate, steriods, energy, cushion… “WISE C”

62. Saturated Fats Saturated fats have the maximum number of hydrogen
Are solid at room temperature
Most animal fat

63. Read those labels!!!
Diets rich in saturated fats may contribute to cardiovascular disease
Called atherosclerosis
Lipid deposits called plaques build up in blood vessels

64. Unsaturated Fats Contain double bonds Liquid at room temperature
Most vegetable fats

65. So what is hydrogenated vegetable oil?
Take unsaturated fats
Pump them full of hydrogen atoms
Presto! – hydrogenated vegetable oil
UNHEALTHY!

66. LIPIPS…Some interesting info
Waterproofing...
Fruits produce a waxy coating to keep from drying out.
The cells in a tulip make a wax which helps coat the leaves.
Ear wax traps dust, sand, and other foreign particles from going deeper into the ear and causing damage.
Beeswax- a structural material to hold honey in the hive

67. LIPIPS…Some interesting info
Steriods...
There are many different types of steroids. They are all lipids. Their functions vary. Some common steroids are:
SEX STEROIDS ANABOLIC STERIODS
CHOLESTEROL
They increase muscle
Like testosterone and estrogen

68. LIPIPS…Some interesting info
NATURAL STERIODS IN OUR BODY INCREASE MUSCLE GROWTH AND BONE DEVELOPMENT AND ARE GOOD. THE ILLEGAL ONES THAT ARE SYNTHETIC ARE BAD.
Some anabolic steroids are illegal
Steriods...
And can be dangerous and
very unhealthy

69. Very Common Effects of Illegal Steroids
If used when the person is still growing, they will be shorter as an adult, anabolic steroids will decrease bone growth.
Males will experience shrinking of the testicles, and with prolonged
use, the steroid will be turned into estrogen in the male body and it
will start to lay fatty tissue on the chest, otherwise known as breasts.
If genetically predisposed to becoming
bald, balding will happen more quickly.
If clean needles are not readily
available, there is a significantly higher
risk of getting AIDS.
Future risks of liver cancer & disease.
Enlarged heart (one pro athlete’s heart grew
to the size of a basketball…obviously he’s dead)

70. Illegal Steroid Use in Women
Some additional effects…
Breasts will decrease in size, the opposite of what happens to men.
The woman will start to grow facial hair, how quickly depends on her genetic makeup. If she discontinues use, the facial hair will still continue to grow.
If she is genetically predisposed
to balding, she will start to lose
her hair, just as if she was
genetically male.
Her voice will start to deepen, how quickly depends on her genetics. If she discontinues use, her voice will remain deep.

71. LIPIDS In plants- in the seeds
WHERE ARE THEY FOUND?
In plants- in the seeds
In animals- in adipose tissue, connective tissue
Lipids make up the cell membrane of all cells. What’s that double layer called?

72. LIPIDS
OILS
BUTTER
MARGARINE

73. LIPIDS
MADE UP OF...
Lipids are chains (polymers) made of monomers. The most common monomer of lipids is…
TRIGLYCERIDES

74. The Shape of a triglyceride is like the letter
This is a triglyceride molecule

75. Each carbohydrate is made up of… Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
LIPIDS
AT THE ATOM LEVEL
Each carbohydrate is made up of…
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
THINK: “CHO”

76. OH NO CHO! Lipids like Carbs?
You might have noticed that both carbohydrates and lipids have the elements Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.
“CHO”
A carbohydrate, has twice as many hydrogen atoms as the number of oxygen atoms.
EX: C6H12O6
(This is a carb= there are double the number of H compared to O)
On the other hand, lipids have a lot more than twice the amount hydrogen atoms as the number of oxygen atoms.
EX: C27H46O cholesterol

77. Monomers –
Glycerol
Fatty acids

78. Quick Review Questions
Try to answer without looking back or using your notes :)
What Big 4 molecule stores energy for the future?
What are 4 effects of illegal steroid use in men and 3 effects
in women?
What are 4 things proteins do in your body?
What are the functions of lipids?
What is the main function of carbohydrates?

79. Mini Quiz Examples of the Big 4
Each of the following foods is high in one of the Big 4 organic molecules. Decide which one for each of the following foods.
Corn Oil
Lean Ham
Bread
Fish

80. FINALLY- NUCLEIC ACIDS

81. THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
DNA
RNA

82. Nucleic Acids WHAT DO THEY DO DNA
Is our genetic material. Chromosomes are made of DNA.
Chromosomes contain the “recipes” to make proteins for your body.
RNA
Reads the DNA “protein recipes” and makes the proteins for your body.

83. NUCLEIC ACIDS In plants- inside the nucleus of the cells
WHERE ARE THEY FOUND?
In plants- inside the nucleus of the cells
In animals- inside the nucleus of each cell

84. NUCLEIC ACIDS

85. NUCLEIC ACIDS
MADE UP OF...
Nucleic Acids are chains (polymers) made of monomers. Nucleic acids are made up of
Nucleotide Chains
Which are nitrogen bases…something we will learn more about when we study DNA

86. The shape of a nucleic acid is:
DNA is a
double helix
RNA is a
single strand

87. Each nucleic acid is made up of… Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
Nucleic Acids
AT THE ATOM LEVEL
Each nucleic acid is made up of…
Phosphorus, Nitrogen,
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
THINK: “PONCH”

88. Number of Calories it provides
ENERGY
Three of the BIG 4 provide us with energy through the food we eat:
BIG 4 MACROMOLECULES
Number of Calories it provides
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids

89. ENERGY
Energy that is gained by consuming food is called a
CALORIE

90. Energy that we gain by the consumption of food is measured in Calories.
If you drink a glass of skim milk, you will get a gain of 90 Calories of energy for your body.

91. Energy Gained From Carbohydrates
Eating 1 gram of carbohydrate provides your body with 4 Calories.

92. Energy Gained from Protein
Eating 1 gram of protein provides your body with 4 Calories.

93. Energy Gained from Lipids
Eating 1 gram of fat provides your body with 9 Calories.
Notice if you eat 1 gram of fat, you are gaining more than twice the amount of Calories than from a gram of carbohydrate or protein!

94. Nucleic acids
The nucleic acids in food are not considered a substance that the body uses to gain energy.

95. So, you won’t find nucleic acids listed on a nutrition label!

96. Number of Calories it provides
ENERGY
So…
BIG 4 MACROMOLECULES
Number of Calories it provides
Carbohydrates 4
Proteins
Lipids 9
Nucleic Acids
TEST: Are you smart? If you eat a sandwhich with 46 grams of carbs and 24 grams of protein and 10 grams of fat, how much energy will you gain?
370

97. REVIEW QUESTIONS
What elements are found in all of the Big 4 molecules? Which of the Big 4 has different elements and what are they?
Since Carbohydrates and Lipids have the same elements in them, how can you tell the difference?
Would C26H32O5 be a carbohydrate or lipid?
Which molecule is in the shape of a hexagon?
Which molecule is in the shape of an E?
A polymer of amino acids makes what molecule?

98. Which one of the following molecules is a lipid? A carbohydrate?

99. MORE REVIEW
What kind of carbohydrate gives you a quick burst of energy?
What kind of carbohydrate gives you long term energy?
You are stranded on a desert island and have found a box of food. Considering you have almost nothing to eat on the island, which of the following would be the best food to have in the box? WHY?
Crackers
Butter
Steak
How many Calories are found in 1 gram of protein?
How many Calories are in 1 gram of nucleic acid?

100. Final Review Questions Please do not look back at the information in your handout until you have answered all of the following questions.
1. What are 2 examples of simple sugars and 2 examples of complex carbohydrates not mentioned already?
2. What is a polymer?
3. What is a monomer?
4. Carbohydrates are the body’s main source of ________________.
5. Define in your own words:
Biochemical
Macromolecule
6. Proteins are major structural molecules in living things. List 5 places or things in your body that contain a lot of protein.
7. What are enzymes? What are they made of?
8. What are hormones?
9. What does your thyroid hormone do?
10. Name three types of proteins.
11. What are the functions of lipids?
12. What elements are found in each of the Big 4 molecules?
13. What does DNA do? RNA?
14. How many Calories are found in 1 gram of each of the Big 4 molecules?
15. What are 5 possible effects of illegal steroid use?
16. What are 3 functions of lipids?
17. What is the function of waxes?
18. What are 2 ways simple sugars are different from complex carbohydrates?
19. What are 4 organic macromolecules?