1. Chapter 9
Development

2. MODULE 27: Nature and Nurture: The Enduring Developmental Issue
How do psychologists study the degree to which development is an interaction of hereditary and environmental factors?
What is the nature of development before birth?
What factors affect a child during the mother’s pregnancy?

3. Developmental Psychology
Study of the patterns of growth and change that occur throughout life
Nature-nurture issue: Degree to which environment and heredity influence behavior
Behavioral geneticists - Study the effects of heredity on behavior

4. Figure 1 - Characteristics Influenced Significantly by Genetic Factors

5. Determining the Relative Influence of Nature and Nurture
Genetically control laboratory animals and place in varied environments
Findings from animal research provide important information that cannot be obtained for ethical reasons by using human participants
Identical twins: Genetically identical

6. Developmental Research Techniques
Cross-sectional research: Compares people of different ages at the same point in time
Longitudinal research: Investigates behavior as participants age
Change in behavior over time

7. Developmental Research Techniques
Sequential research: Combines cross- sectional and longitudinal approaches by taking a number of different age groups and examining them at several points in time

8. The Basics of Genetics
Chromosomes: Rod-shaped structures that contain all basic hereditary information
Genes: Smaller units through which genetic information is transmitted
Composed of sequences of DNA

9. The Basics of Genetics The human genome project
Scientists mapped the specific location and sequence of every human gene

10. The Earliest Development
Germinal period
Zygote: New cell formed by the union of an egg and sperm
First two weeks
Embryonic period
Embryo: Developed zygote that has a heart, a brain, and other organs
Weeks 2 through 8

11. The Earliest Development
Fetal period
Fetus: Developing individual from 8 weeks after conception until birth
Movements become strong enough for the mother to sense them
Age of viability: Point at which it can survive if born prematurely
About prenatal age 22 weeks
Sensitive periods - Time when organisms are susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli

12. The Earliest Development
Preterm infants - Born before week 38
At higher risk for illness, future problems, and death

13. Genetic influences on the fetus
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Sickle-cell Anemia
Tay-Sachs Disease
Down Syndrome

14. Prenatal Environmental Influences
Teratogens: Environmental agents such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that produce a birth defect
Mother’s Nutrition and Illness
Mother’s Emotional State and Use of Drugs
Alcohol
Nicotine Use

15. Figure 3 - Environmental Factors and Development

16. Alternative Paths to Conception
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT)
Surrogate mother
Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT)

17. MODULE 28: Infancy and Childhood
What are the major competencies of newborns?
What are the milestones of physical and social development during childhood?
How does cognitive development proceed during childhood?

18. The Extraordinary Newborn
Neonate: A newborn child
Neonate’s strange appearance
Misshapen head
Vernix - White greasy covering, for protection before birth
Lanugo - Soft fuzz, over the entire body

19. The Extraordinary Newborn
Reflexes: Unlearned, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli
Rooting reflex
Sucking reflex
Gag reflex
Startle reflex
Babinski reflex

20. Figure 1 - Voluntary Movements

21. Development of the Senses: Taking in the World
Visual abilities grow rapidly after birth
Habituation: Decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus
Distinguishing sounds
Native vs. foreign language
Distinguishing taste and smell

22. Infancy Through Childhood
Physical development
During first year of life children typically triple birth weight
Height increases by about half

23. Development of Social Behavior: Taking on the World
Attachment: The positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual
Konrad Lorenz
Imprinting - Behavior that takes place during a critical period and involves attachment to the first moving object that is observed
Harry Harlow’s study on attachment
“Wire monkey versus cloth monkey”

24. Development of Social Behavior: Taking on the World
Assessing attachment
Ainsworth strange situation
Securely attached children
Avoidant children
Ambivalent children
Disorganized-disoriented children

25. Development of Social Behavior: Taking on the World
The father’s role
Number of fathers who are primary caregivers for their children has grown significantly
Nature of attachment to children can be similar to that of mother’s

26. Development of Social Behavior: Taking on the World
Social relationships with peers
Helps children interpret the meaning of others’ behavior and develop the capacity to respond appropriately
Helps children learn physical and emotional self- control

27. Development of Social Behavior: Taking on the World
The consequences of child care outside the home
High-quality care centers can positively impact child
Low-quality child care provides little or no gain and may even hinder development

28. Figure 8 - Parenting Styles

29. Development of Social Behavior: Taking on the World
Temperament: A basic, innate disposition
Resilience - Ability to overcome circumstances that place them at high risk for psychological or even physical harm

30. Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
Birth to age 1½ years
Develop feelings of trust or lack of trust
Trust-versus-mistrust Stage
1½ – 3 years of age
Develop independence and selfdoubt
Autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt Stage

31. Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
3 – 6 years of age
Conflict between independence of action and negative results of that action
Initiative-versus-guilt stage
6 – 12 years of age
Develop positive social interactions
Industry-versus-inferiority stage

32. Cognitive Development: Children’s Thinking About the World
Child’s understanding of the world changes as a function of age and experience
Object permanence: The awareness that objects continue to exist even if they are out of sight
Principle of conservation: The knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects

33. Figure 9 - Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

34. Information-Processing Approaches
The way in which people take in, use, and store information
Metacognition: An awareness and understanding of one’s own cognitive processes

35. Information-Processing Approaches
Vygotsky’s view of cognitive development: Considering culture
Cognitive development occurs as a consequence of social interactions in which children work with others to jointly solve problems
Zone of proximal development (ZPD): Gap between what children already are able to accomplish on their own and what they are not quite ready to do by themselves
Scaffolding - Provides support for learning

36. MODULE 29: Adolescence: Becoming an Adult
What major physical, social, and cognitive transitions characterize adolescence?

37. Introduction
Adolescence: Developmental stage between childhood and adulthood

38. Physical Development: The Changing Adolescent
Puberty: Period at which maturation of the sexual organs occurs
Girls years
Menstruation
Boys years
Spermarche

39. Moral and Cognitive Development: Distinguishing Right from Wrong
Kohlberg’s theory of moral development
Three-level sequence
Preconventional morality
Conventional morality
Postconventional morality
Pertains to judgments, not moral behavior
Moral development in women

40. Figure 3 - Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development: The Search for Identity

41. Stormy Adolescence: Myth or Reality?
Adolescent egocentrism - State of self- absorption in which a teenager views the world from his own point of view
Personal fables - Belief that one’s experience is unique, exceptional, and shared by no one else

42. Social Development: Finding Oneself in a Social World
Adolescent suicide
Third leading cause of death for adolescents
Warning signs
School problems and self-destructive behavior
Loss of appetite or excessive eating
Withdrawal from friends
Sleeping problems and signs of depression
Preoccupation with death
Putting affairs in order
Explicit announcement of thoughts

43. Module 30: Adulthood
What are the principal kinds of physical, social, and intellectual changes that occur in early and middle adulthood, and what are their causes?
How does the reality of late adulthood differ from the stereotypes about that period?
How can we adjust to death?

44. Introduction
Emerging adulthood: The period beginning in the late teenage years and extending into the mid-twenties

45. Physical Development: The Peak of Health
For most people, early adulthood marks the peak of physical health
Around age 25, the body becomes slightly less efficient and more susceptible to disease
Menopause: Women stop menstruating and are no longer fertile
Hormone therapy (HT) with hormones estrogen and progesterone

46. Social Development: Working at Life
People typically launch themselves into careers, marriage, and families
Midlife transition - Period when people may begin to question their lives
Midlife crisis

47. Marriage, Children, and Divorce: Family Ties
Changes in marriage and divorce trends have doubled the number of single-parent households in the United States over the last two decades
Economic and emotional consequences for the single-parent households

48. Changing Roles of Men and Women: The Time of Their Lives
More women act simultaneously as wives, mothers, and wage earners
Women’s “second shift”
Additional work performed by women with a career and home responsibilities

49. Physical Changes in Late Adulthood: The Aging Body
Genetic preprogramming theories of aging: Suggest that human cells have a built-in time limit to their reproduction and that they are no longer able to divide after a certain time
Wear-and-tear theories of aging: Suggest that the mechanical functions of the body simply stop working efficiently

50. Cognitive Changes: Thinking About – and During – Late Adulthood
Fluid intelligence - Information-processing skills such as memory, calculations, and analogy
Shows decline in late adulthood
Crystallized intelligence - Based on the accumulation of information, skills, and strategies learned through experience
Remains steady and in some cases actually improves

51. Figure 2 - Age-related changes in intellectual skills vary

52. Cognitive Changes: Thinking About – and During – Late Adulthood
Memory changes in late adulthood: Are older adults forgetful?
Senility - Progressive deterioration of mental abilities including memory loss, disorientation to time and place, and general confusion
Alzheimer’s disease: Progressive brain disorder that leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in cognitive abilities

53. Cognitive Changes: Thinking About – and During – Late Adulthood
The social world of late adulthood: Old but not alone
Disengagement theory of aging: Aging produces a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical, psychological, and social levels

54. Cognitive Changes: Thinking About – and During – Late Adulthood
The social world of late adulthood: Old but not alone
Activity theory of aging: Elderly who are most successful while aging are those who maintain the interests and activities they had during middle age
Life review: People examine and evaluate their lives

55. Adjusting to Death Elisabeth Kübler-Ross
Five Stages of Facing Impending Death
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance