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3. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Reproductive ducts—ducts through which sperm pass after exiting testes until they exit from the body
Epididymis—single, coiled tube about 6 m in length; lies along the top and behind the testis in the scrotum
Sperm mature and develop the capacity for motility as they pass through epididymis
Ductus (vas) deferens—receives sperm from the epididymis and transports them from scrotal sac through the abdominal cavity
Passes through inguinal canal
Joins duct of seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct
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4. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Accessory, or supportive, sex glands—semen: mixture of sperm and secretions of accessory sex glands; averages 3 to 5 mL per ejaculation, with each milliliter containing about 100 million sperm
Seminal vesicles
Pouchlike glands that produce about 60% of seminal fluid volume
Secretion is yellowish, thick, and rich in fructose to provide energy needed by sperm for motility
Prostate gland
Shaped like a doughnut and located below bladder
Urethra passes through the gland
Secretion represents 30% of seminal fluid volume—is thin and milk-colored
Activates sperm and is needed for ongoing sperm motility
Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands
Resemble peas in size and shape
Secrete mucus-like fluid constituting less than 5% of seminal fluid volume
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5. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
External genitals
Penis and scrotum called genitalia
Penis has three columns of erectile tissue—two dorsal columns called corpora cavernosa and one ventral column surrounding urethra called corpus spongiosum
Glans penis covered by foreskin (prepuce)
Surgical removal of foreskin called circumcision
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6. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Structural plan—organs classified as essential or accessory
Essential organs are gonads (ovaries), which produce sex cells (ova)
Accessory organs of reproduction
Ducts or modified ducts—including oviducts, uterus, and vagina
Sex glands—including the breasts
External genitals
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7. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Ovaries
Structure and location
Paired glands weighing about 3 g each
Resemble large almonds
Attached to ligaments in pelvic cavity on each side of uterus
Microscopic structure (Figure 20-8)
Ovarian follicles—contain an oocyte, which is an immature sex cell (about 1 million at birth)
Primary follicles—about 400,000 at puberty are covered with granulosa cells
About 350 to 500 mature follicles ovulate during the reproductive lifetime of most women—sometimes called graafian follicles
Secondary follicles have a hollow chamber called the antrum
Corpus luteum forms after ovulation
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9. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Ovaries (cont.)
Functions
Oogenesis—this meiotic cell division produces daughter cells with equal chromosome numbers (23) but unequal cytoplasm; ovum is large; polar bodies are small and degenerate
Production of estrogen and progesterone
Granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte in the mature and growing follicles produce estrogen
Corpus luteum produces progesterone
Estrogen causes development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics
Progesterone stimulates secretory activity of uterine epithelium and assists estrogen in initiating menses
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10. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Reproductive ducts
Uterine (fallopian) tubes (oviducts)
Extend about 10 cm from uterus into abdominal cavity
Expanded distal end surrounded by fimbriae
Mucosal lining of tube is directly continuous with lining of abdominal cavity
Uterus—composed of body, fundus, and cervix (Figure 20-9)
Lies in pelvic cavity just behind urinary bladder
Myometrium is muscle layer
Endometrium lost in menstruation
Menopause—end of repetitive menstrual cycles (about years of age)
Vagina
Distensible tube about 10 cm long
Located between urinary bladder and rectum in the pelvis
Receives penis during sexual intercourse and is birth canal for normal delivery of baby at end of term of pregnancy
Accessory or supportive sex glands
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