1. Chapter 14
Section 5
The War Ends

2. Key Terms Hedgerows Battle of the Bulge V-E Day Harry S. Truman
Iwo Jima
Napalm
Manhattan Project
V-J Day
United Nations
Charted
Nuremberg Trials

3. The Third Reich Collapses
D-Day was a success
Many fields had hedgerows
Hedgerows-dirt walls covered with shrubs
They were built to separate cattle and crops
Germans could hide in them

4. Third Reich Collapses Tanks could not drive through them
Battle of the hedgerows ended June 25, 1944
2500 American bombers blew a hole in the German lines
August 23 Paris was liberated

5. Battle of the Bulge Hitler’s last desperate offensive
Wanted to cutoff supplies from Antwerp
December 16, 1944
American defenders caught by surprise
Battle of the Bulge-As Germans raced west they caused a bulge outward in the Allies lines

6. Battle of the Bulge Germans surrounded the Americans at Bastogne
Bad weather grounded American planes
General Patton’s troops arrived quickly
Weather cleared Allied airpower struck the Germans

7. Battle of the Bulge
On Christmas Eve-out of fuel and suffering heavy loses Germans stopped
Patton broke through German Lines
United States won the Battle January 8, 1945
Germans had 100,000 causalities and lost many tanks and planes

8. War Ends in Europe Americans and British Liberate France
Soviets attack Germans in Russia
Germans driven back to Poland
February 25, 1945 Soviets 25 miles from Berlin

9. War Ends in Europe
February 1945 American troops were at the Rhine River
April 16 Soviets on the outskirts of Berlin
April 30, 1945 Hitler commits suicide
V-E Day- Germany surrenders on May 8, 1945

10. Japan is Defeated President Roosevelt dies April 12, 1945
Harry S. Truman- was vice president, becomes president
Although Germany surrendered, there was still war with Japan
Truman had to make many difficult decisions

11. The Battle of Iwo Jima November 24, 1944 bombs fell on Tokyo
B-29s flew for 1,500 miles
Needed a closed air base
Iwo Jima- island located half way between Marianas and Japan

12. Battle of Iwo Jima Terrain was rugged with cliffs, ravines and caves
Japanese had build vast complex of bunkers
February ,000 Marines land
Sank to the ankles in the soft volcanic ash

13. Battle of Iwo Jima Japanese artillery pounded the invaders
Marines used flame throwers and explosives on the bunkers
6,800 Marines were killed
Admiral Nimitz wrote “uncommon valor was a common virtue

14. Firebombing Japan Curtis Lemay orders B-29s to drop napalm
Napalm-jellied gasoline designed to not only explode, but also start fires
If B-29s missed their target the fires would burn it

15. Firebombing Japan Firebombing very controversial Killed many civilians
Curtis Lemay-thought it would destroy Japanese war production
March 9, 1945 Tokyo was firebombed
Firestorm started and sucked out all the air
Killed 80,000 people, burned 250,00 buildings

16. Invasion of Okinawa Despite firebombing Japan not surrendering
Okinawa invaded to prepare for invasion of Japan
Okinawa only 350 miles from Japan
12,000 Americans died
June 22, 1945 Okinawa captured

17. Terms of Surrender Emperor urged government to surrender
America demanded unconditional surrender
Japanese wanted emperor to stay in power
Americans blamed emperor for the war

18. The Manhattan Project
1939 Leo Sziland learned Germans had split the atom
Worried Germans were working on a atomic bomb
Albert Einstein warns Roosevelt about the powerful bomb

19. Manhattan Project Roosevelt gathered scientist to study this
British scientists also working on the bomb
Manhattan Project- Americas secret plan to build a atomic bomb
1942 built the first nuclear reactor

20. Manhattan Project Scientist organized secret lab to build atomic bomb
Los Alamos, New Mexico
Robert Oppenheimer detonates first atomic bomb on July 16, 1945

21. Hiroshima and Nagasaki
William Leahy chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff opposed the bomb
Killed indiscriminately
He believe in economic blockade and bombing
Secretary of War Harry Stimson wanted to warn Japanese

22. Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Stimson would let Japanese keep their emperor
Secretary of State James Byrnes wanted to drop it without warning to shock Japan
Truman was warned of massive casualties if U.S. invaded Japan

23. Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Allies threatened Japan with “prompt and utter destruction”
August 6, 1945 the Enola Gay dropped the first atomic bomb
‘Little boy” was dropped on Hiroshima and important industrial city

24. Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Bomb destroys 63% of the city
Kills 80,00 to 120,000 people
Three days later bomb dropped on Nagasaki
Emperor orders government to surrender
V-J Day- August 15, 1945 Japan surrenders

25. Creating the United Nations
Roosevelt believed a international political group could prevent another world war
1944, 39 countries met to discuss the new organization
United Nations- UN a new international organization

26. Creating the United Nations
General Assembly-every member had one vote
Security council would have 11 members
Five countries would be permanent members
United States, Soviet Union, China, Britain and France
Each member had veto power

27. Creating the United Nations
April 25, 1945 United Nations was organized
Charter- constitution on how organization would be run
General Assembly given power to make resolutions
To choose non permanent members of the Security Council

28. Creating United Nations
Investigate any international problem and propose settlements
Take actions to preserve peace
Ask members to use military force to uphold a UN resolution

29. Putting Enemy on Trial
Allies declared their intention to punish German and Japanese leaders
United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union formed the IMT
International Military Tribunal
Held trials in Nuremberg Germany

30. Putting Enemy on Trial
Nuremberg trials- 22 Nazi leaders were prosecuted
3 were acquitted
Seven given prison sentences
12 sentenced to death
Lasted till sentenced to death, 107 given prison sentences

31. Putting Enemy on Trial IMT held in Tokyo
25 Japanese leaders were charged
Allies did not indict the emperor
7 sentenced to death, 18 to prison
War crimes trial was part of trying to build a better world