1. : The World at War

2. Pursuit of Peace
A move away from militarism to pacifism (opposition to war)
New attempts:
In 1896 the modern Olympics began
Alfred Nobel established the Peace Prize
The Hague Tribunal was established in 1899 to help resolve disputes between countries

3. Aggressive Nationalism
Newly united Germany was very proud of its growth in military & industry
France was still angry about land it lost in the Franco-Prussian War
Austria-Hungary experienced hostility from many nations under their control

4. Russians wanted to unite all Slavic people together under one government
This included the people in the Balkan States
This alliance made neighboring countries very nervous

5. Pan-Slavism

6. Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 The “Powder Keg” of Europe

7. Rivalries
Germans have begun out-producing Britain, profits begin to shift to them
France and Germany compete to create colonies in Africa
Militarism glorifies war
Young men are anxious to become heroes
Industrialism allows for an arms race – more weapons make war more likely
Military leaders gain more political influence

8. Rise of Military Strength
Germany possessed the most powerful army on the continent, and Britain the most powerful navy
Germany will rebuild its navy to challenge British supremacy
Both nations will increase the size and power of their fleets and armies in an attempt to not be outdone
Increase production and storage of arms

9. Standing Armies in Europe, 1914

10. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

11. Alliances 1873- Three Emperors League 1879- Dual Alliance
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia
1879- Dual Alliance
Germany & Austria
1881- Re-established Three Emperors League
1882- Triple Alliance
Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy
1887- Reinsurance Treaty
Germany & Russia

12. 1890- Bismarck is dismissed by Wilhelm II
1894- Franco-Russian Alliance
1904- Britain forms an entente with France and then with Russia (1907)
Britain won’t necessarily come to their aid, but definitely won’t fight against them
Alliances create a series of dominoes – if one falls they all will

13. The “Spark”

14. Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Ferdinand decided to visit Sarajevo (under Austria-Hungary’s control)
Many people there were Serbs or Slavs and didn’t want to be under A-H
Angry that Ferdinand would come

15. June 28, 1914
Ferdinand was traveling w/ his wife in an open car
The Black Hand (a Serbian nationalist group) launch a bomb at Ferdinand & miss him, but wounded some of his guard
Ferdinand insists that they go to the hospital, cars get jammed up
Gavrilo Princip is standing by and shoots Ferdinand and his wife

16. Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

17. The Assassination: Sarajevo

18. The Assassin:
Gavrilo Princip

19. Who’s To Blame?

20. Ultimatums Austria gives Serbia an ultimatum (do this or else)
Serbia will not agree to all conditions
Countries begin to mobilize (make ready) for war
Austria declares war
Austria had Germany to back them up
Serbia had Russia
Russia turns to France who is happy to try to get revenge on Germany

21. The Schlieffen Plan
At first both Italy and Britain remain neutral, don’t take either side
Germany had a plan to fight a two-front war, both Russia and France at once
Hoped to fight and defeat France very quickly
Then turn around and fight Russia, since they’d be slow to mobilize

22. To get to France, Germany invaded Belgium Went against neutrality
Too close to Britain
Britain declares war on Germany – world war has begun
Germany will not defeat France quickly
Also, Russia is not slow to mobilize
Central Powers have to fight both sides

23. The Schlieffen Plan

24. Europe in 1914

25. Victor Emmanuel II [It]
The Major Players:
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
Nicholas II [Rus]
Wilhelm II [Ger]
George V [Br]
Victor Emmanuel II [It]
Enver Pasha [Turkey]
Pres. Poincare [Fr]
Franz Josef [A-H]

26. A Multi-Front War

27. The Western Front

28. Trench Warfare

29. Trench Warfare
“No Man’s Land”

30. Americans in the Trenches

31. U-Boats

32. Zeppelins

33. Flame Throwers
Grenade Launchers

34. French Renault Tank

35. Poison Gas
Machine Gun

36. “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
The Airplane
“Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

37. Total War
WWI was a total war (all of a governments resources were put toward the war)
Raised taxes, began conscription (draft), rationed food/gas
Propaganda was used to sway public opinions
Publicized the atrocities of other gov’ts

38. Recruitment Posters

39. American Poster

40. German Poster
Think of Your Children!

41. Financing the War

42. Women in Wartime Women took up work at home in factories
Women also helped abroad
Grew food for soldiers
Nurses in the field

43. Munitions Workers

44. French Women Factory Workers

45. German Women Factory Workers

46. Working in the Fields

47. Red Cross Nurses

48. Russian Women Soldiers

49. Collapsing Morale
In the 3rd year casualties were high, food was short, victory no where in sight
Trench warfare has resulted in a stalemate (neither side can win)
Russia was hit very hard
Roughly 1.3 million soldiers and sailors had died in battle, 4.2 million had been wounded, and 2.4 million had been taken prisoner
Widespread hunger, strikes by workers, disorganization in the army

50. Russian Revolution March Revolution November Revolution
In 1917, Czar Nicholas II will abdicate the throne
Provisional Government remains in the war
November Revolution
The Bolsheviks overthrow the Provisional Government
Lenin advocated “peace, land and bread”
Russian Civil War
Red Army v. White Army

51. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Russia signs an armistice with Germany in December 1917
Signs peace treaty in March 1918 to end its involvement in WWI
Russia lost Poland, Finland, Baltic States, and the Ukraine to Germany
Agreed to pay a large indemnity

52. The US declares war The US had been neutral
In 1915 a German u-boat sunk the Lusitania, a ship carrying 128 US passengers
In 1917 Britain intercepted the Zimmermann note
From Germany to Mexico
Promised land to Mexico if they’d invade the US

53. The Sinking of the Lusitania

54. The Zimmerman Telegram

55. Anti-German feelings increase
Pres Wilson asks congress to declare war on Germany
Within two years the US provided:
2.5 million soldiers
7.5 million tons of weapons/supplies
This was all the Allies needed to tip the scales

56. The Yanks Are Coming!

57. Victory
By mid-1918 the Allies had pushed the Germans out of France and Belgium
Clear they could not win
Kaiser Wilhelm II was forced to abdicate by his people
Austria-Hungary was being splintered by minority groups
An armistice was signed November 1918

58. The Armistice is Signed!
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
The Armistice is Signed!