1. The Treaty of Versailles and Its Consequences
Unit 8 Day 2

2. The Course of the War World War I lasts for 5 years, 1914-1919
During the War all nations mobilize for Total War
All aspects of life subsumed by war effort
During the course of the war Russia undergoes the socialist, Bolshevik Revolution (1917) which overthrows the tzar, takes Russians out of the war
In April 1917, America enters the war tipping the balance against Germany
November 9, 1918 – German emperor abdicates, republic declared led by socialists
November 11, 1918 – Armistice signed ending hostilities

3. The Treaty of Versailles
January – June 1919 – heads of France, Britain and US hammer out treaty, signed by German representatives at the Palace of Versailles
Terms
Territory
Alsace-Lorraine to France; gains for Poland
Germany army limited to 100,000 soldiers, creation of Rhineland demilitarized zone (DMZ)
Vague references to reparations not specified
Peace to be maintained by a League of Nations
International body to maintain diplomatic relations
Idea proposed by US president Woodrow Wilson
U.S. fails to ratify treaty, does not join League
Opposed by Senator Henry Cabot Lodge on grounds that it violated Congress’s right to declare war
France agrees to treaty out of promises of mutual defense
Gives up demands for buffer state on the French/German border
Forced to take steps to build up defenses

4. The Treaty of Versailles
From left, UK Prime Minister Lloyd George, Italian Prime Minister Orlando, French Prime Minister Clemenceau, and US President Wilson

5. The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial Concessions: Article 42: Germany is forbidden to maintain or construct any fortifications either on the left bank of the Rhine or on the right bank to the west of a line drawn 50km to the east of the Rhine Article 45: The High Contracting Parties, recognizing the moral obligation to redress the wrong done by Germany in 1871 both to the rights of France and to the wishes of the population of Alsace and Lorraine … agree upon the following articles [treaty goes on to return Alsace-Lorraine to France]. Articles 84, 87: [Independence granted to Czechoslovakia and Poland.] Article 119: [Germany renounces all imperial possessions]

6. Treaty of Versailles

7. The Treaty of Versailles
Military Reductions: Article 159: The German military forces shall be demobilized and reduced. Article 160: By … March 31, 1920, the German Army must not comprise more than seven divisions of infantry and three divisions of cavalry. After that date the total number of effectives in … Germany must not exceed one hundred thousand men. Article 180: All fortified works, fortresses, and field works situated in German territory to the west of a line drawn 50km to the east of the Rhine shall be disarmed and dismantled. Article 181: After… two months … the German naval forces … must not exceed 6 battleships .. 6 light cruisers, 12 destroyers, 12 torpedo boats … No submarines are to be included. Article 198: The armed forces of Germany must not include any military or naval air forces.

8. The Treaty of Versailles
Reparations:
Article 231: The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the [Allies] and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies.
Article 232: The [Allies] recognize that the resources of Germany are not adequate … to make complete reparation for all such loss and damage. The [Allies], however, require and Germany undertakes, that she will make compensation for all damage doent ot he civilian population …and to their property
Article 233: The amount of the above damage for which compensation is to be made by Germany shall be determined by an Inter-Allied Commission, to be called the Reparation Commission. … The findings of the Commission as to the amount of damage … shall be concluded and notified to the German Government on or before May 1, 1921.

9. Reparations
April Reparations Commission sets the amount to be repaid at 132 billion gold marks ($33 billion)
Germany was to make reparations in annual installments of $2.5 billion marks
The new German republic (Weimar Republic) – is only able to make the first payment in 1921.
When Germany failed to make its second payment in 1922 French and Belgian armies seized the rich coal deposits and industries of the Ruhr valley
Leads to international crisis
Dawes Plan
Germany’s ability to make payments assessed on a yearly basis
US agrees to make large loans to stimulate the German economy
This settlement along with other political agreements creates a sense of cautious political optimism in the late 1920s

10. The Lost Generation
The scale of slaughter: Battle of the Somme (July 1-18, 1916) British and French: 600,000 casualties German: 500,000 casualties Total: 1.1 million casualties Total gain: 125 square miles Battle of Verdun (February 21 – December 18, 1916) British and French: 700,000 casualties German: 700,000 casualties Total: 1.4 million casualties

11. The Lost Generation
WWI had profound social and cultural consequences for the 20th century
Nearly 10 million young men killed, 20 million permanently wounded physically or psychologically
Total of 30 million young men become casualties of war
Psychological effects of trench warfare, “shell shock” devastating
Survivors profoundly affected by the failure of liberal democracy, capitalism - the fruits of the Enlightenment to prevent Global War

12. The Lost Generation The Hollow Men (1925) We are the hollow men
Those who have crossed
We are the stuffed men
With direct eyes, to death’s other Kingdom
Leaning together
Headpiece filled with straw. Alas!
Remember us – if at all – not as lost
Our dried voice, when
Violent souls , but only
We whisper together
As the hollow men
Are quiet and meaningless
The stuffed men.
As wind in dry grass …
Or rats’ feet over broken glass
This is the way the world ends
In our dry cellar
Shape without form, shade without colour,
Not with a bang but a whimper.
Paralysed force, gesture without motion;
T. S. Eliot ( )

13. The Lost Generation The Second Coming (1919)
TURNING and turning in the widening gyre The falcon cannot hear the falconer; Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold; Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world, The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere The ceremony of innocence is drowned; The best lack all conviction, while the worst Are full of passionate intensity W. B. Yeats ( )

14. The Lost Generation

15. The Lost Generation
Otto Dix, Stormtroops Advancing Under Gas

16. The Lost Generation
Otto Dix, Flanders

17. The Lost Generation
Otto Dix, Triptych on War

18. Dada
Hannah Höch, Cut with the Dada Kitchen Knife through the Last Weimar Beer-Belly Cultural Epoch in Germany, 1919,

19. Dada
Raoul Hausmann, Dada Siegt, 1920

20. Dada
Marcel Duchamps, Mona Lisa, 1919

21. Dada
Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, 1917

22. Surrealism
Max Ernst, The Elephant Celebes, 1921