1. Cell Structure

2. Plasma Membrane:
1. Composed of a phospholipid bi-layer. Permeable to polar materials, non-polar materials must pass through channels.

3. Construction of Cell Membrane

4. Cellular Transport

5. OSMOSIS
Osmosis- diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
Review: diffusion is the movement of materials from a area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Concentration gradient: If 2 solutions are separated by a semi permeable membrane the water will flow to the side where water concentration is the lowest.

6. Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic

7. Cells in Hypotonic Solutions- swell

8. Cells in hypertonic solutions-shrink

9. Passive Transport- no energy
Three forms:
Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion (using a pore protein like water)
Osmosis (diffusion of water)
high
low
Weeee!!!

10. Active Transport- needs energy
Three Forms:
Protein Pumps- Channel proteins
Exocytosis- things exit out of cell
Endocytosis- things taken into the cell
high
low
This is gonna be hard work!!

11. Transportation of Large Particles
Exocytosis- expulsion or sercretion of large molecules. Ex. Waste
Endocytosis- Cell surrounds and takes in material from environment.

12. Nucleus and Cell Control
Leader of the cell b/c it contains the directions to make proteins
EVERY part of the cell depends on protein
Covered by a nuclear envelope or membrane separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm.\

13. Cell Control Cont…
Master set of directions for making proteins is contained in CHROMATIN- strands of the genetic material DNA.

14. Cell control cont…
Nucleolus organelle within the nucleus that makes ribosomes.
Ribosomes Site where cells produce proteins according to DNA directions
ribosomes

15. Cell control cont…
For proteins to be made, ribosomes must leave the nucleus and enter the cytoplasm where the DNA blueprints are turned into protein.
CYTOPLASMClear gelatinous fluid within the cell. Ribosomes go through the nuclear envelope into the cytoplasm

16. ASSEMBLY, TRANSPORT AND STORAGE.
1. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM- Site of cellular chemical reactions (metabolism)
Smooth ER- has no ribosomes and looks looks smooth.
Rough ER- studded with ribosomes and and and is therefore the site of protein synthesis.

17. Assembly storage and transport cont…
Golgi Apparatus: “POST OFFICE” Flattened stack of tubular membranes that packs sorts and delivers proteins to their appropriate destinations with VESICLES.

18. Vacuoles and storage
Membrane bound compartments for temporary storage of enzymes or materials needed by the cell. Usually water in a plant

19. Lysosomes and Recycling
Lysosomes- organelles containing digestive enzymes (lyse= to break). Breaks down worn out organelles, food particles, viruses, bacteria. Membrane important to protect cell from being digested.
Can fuse with vacuole and digest its contents.

20. Peroxisomes Detoxify harmful substances that enter the cell.
Seen especially in kidney and liver
Contain peroxidase and catalase (some chemical reactions in the body create hydrogen peroxide which is toxic to cells. Peroxidase breaks this down.)

22. ENERGY TRANSFORMERS
EVERYTHING we have talked about within the cell needs energy. In humans this is provided by
MITOCHONDRIA

23. Mitochondria- all cells
Membrane bound organelles in plants and animals that transform energy for the cell.
Energy is stored in the bonds of other molecules that cell organelles can easily access as needed.

24. Mitochondria cont… Outer membrane
Inner membrane highly folded to increase surface area for storage of energy molecules.
Muscle cells have up to 2000 mitochodria in one cell!

25. Organelles for SUPPORT and LOCOMOTION.
Cytoskeleton- framework for the cell. Initially thought that the organelles floated in cytoplasm.
Network of
1.Microtubules-thin
Hallow cylinders made
Of protein.
2. Microfilaments- small
Solid protein fibers

26. Cytoskeleton cont… Forms a SCAFFOLD that Maintains cell shape
Anchors and supports organelles
Highway system for organelles

27. Locomotion Centrioles:
Cell organelles found in Animals and most protists. Occur in pairs.
Made of microtubules
Important to cell division

28. Cilia and Flagella
Made of microtubules that aide the cell in locomotion and feeding. Major means of locomotion in unicellular organisms.
Cilia- short, hair-like
Rowboat motion
Flagella- long whip-like movement

29. Cell Connections
Desmosomes
Fibrous connections between cells

30. Cell connections cont…
Gap junctions- connections through a channel.

31. Cell connections cont…
Tight Junctions- cells tied together

32. Cell structure is related to its function.

33. Structure and Function
1. If the liver stores and releases glycogen (glucose) what type of organelles would it have a lot of?
2. What organelle would a muscle need a great deal of?
3. The adrenal gland produces hormones (which are made of protein and lipids). What organelle/s would it have a lot of?