1. THE HUMAN BRAIN!!!

2. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t”
-Emerson Pugh, The Biological Origin of Human Values (1977)

3. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Brain: Major Parts
________________________________
Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
Thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland
Cerebrum: largest part and most superior
Surface covered with gray matter: cortex
Deep to cortex is cerebral white matter
Cerebellum: posterior and inferior
_________________________
Cranial meninges: _________________________________________________________
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Brain: Major Parts
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Brain: Major Parts
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6. Brain Blood Supply and Blood-Brain Barrier
_________________________________
4 min lack  permanent damage
Requires continuous glucose supply
Allows passage of lipid soluble materials: O2, CO2, alcohol, anesthetic agents
____________________________________
Created by tight capillaries and astrocytes
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7. ________________________
Formed in the 4 ventricles of brain
Cushions brain and provides nutrients
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8. Brain Stem: Medulla Oblongata
Most inferior part of brainstem
White matter connects spinal cord and other parts of brain
Contains vital nuclei
Cardiovascular center
____________________________
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Brain Stem: Pons
Serves as a “bridge”
Connects medulla to midbrain and above
Contains nuclei
Motor relays from cerebrum to cerebellum
_____________________
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Brain Stem: Midbrain
Connects pons to diencephalon
_____________________
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Diencephalon
Thalamus: major sensory relay center
Also motor, autonomic, and consciousness functions
Hypothalamus: lies inferior to thalamus
________________________________
Involved with feelings and behavior patterns
__________________________________
Control of body temperature
Regulation of circadian rhythms, sleep, waking
Pineal gland: secretes melatonin
Controls sleep, biological clock
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Diencephalon
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Cerebellum
Location: posterior to medulla and pons, inferior to cerebrum
Functions
Receives wide range of sensory input from muscles, joints, tendons, eyes, inner ears
_______________________________________
Helps produce smooth, coordinated movements
___________________________
Regulates posture and balance
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Cerebrum: Structure
____________________
Internal white mater
______________________
Surface folds of cerebral cortex: __________
Grooves between gyri: _________________
Longitudinal fissure: divides cerebrum into left and right hemispheres
Hemispheres connected by _____________
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Cerebrum
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Cerebrum: Structure
_________________________
Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
Central sulcus separates frontal, parietal
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Sensory Areas
Primary somatosensory area: postcentral gyrus
Input includes: touch, proprioception, pain, itching, tickle, temperature
Primary visual area: __________________
Primary auditory area: _________________
Primary olfactory (smell) area: medial aspect of _______________
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Motor Areas
Located anterior to central sulcus
Primary motor area: _________________
Broca’s speech area
Interacts with premotor area and primary motor area to regulate breathing and speech muscles
Is in left hemisphere in 97% of persons
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19. Cerebrum: Functional Areas
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20. Lobes of the Brain (4) Frontal ________ Occipital

21. Lobes of the Brain - Frontal
The Frontal Lobe of the brain is located deep to the Frontal Bone of the skull.
It plays an integral role in the following functions/actions:
- Memory Formation
- _____________
- Decision Making/Reasoning
- _____________
(Investigation: Phineas Gage)
Modified from:

22. Lobes of the Brain - Parietal Lobe
The Parietal Lobe of the brain is located deep to the Parietal Bone of the skull.
It plays a major role in the following functions/actions:
- ___________________________)
__________________________
(Proprioception - Awareness of body/ body parts in space and in relation to each other)
Modified from:

23. Lobes of the Brain – Occipital Lobe
The Occipital Lobe of the Brain is located deep to the Occipital Bone of the Skull.
Its primary function is the processing, integration, interpretation, etc. _____________________________________
Modified from:

24. Lobes of the Brain – Temporal Lobe
The Temporal Lobes are located on the sides of the brain, deep to the Temporal Bones of the skull.
They play an integral role in the following functions:
Hearing
_______________________________________
______________(Memory and Memory Formation)
Modified from:

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Lateralization
Brain controls opposite side of the body: all sensory and motor pathways cross in CNS
____________________________________
Left hemisphere important for spoken and written language, numerical and scientific skills, and reasoning
Right side more involved with spatial and pattern recognition and emotional content
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.