1. Physics 207, Lecture 10, Oct. 9
MidTerm I
Exams will be returned in your next discussion section
Regrades: Write down, on a separate sheet, what you want regraded and why.
Mean:
Median: 67
Std. Dev.: 19.0
Range: High Low   5
Solution posted on
Nominal curve (conservative):
A B or A/B C or B/C marginal D Below 25 F 1

2. Physics 207, Lecture 10, Oct. 9 Definition of Work (a scalar quantity)
Agenda: Chapter 7, Work and Energy Transfer
Definition of Work (a scalar quantity)
Variable force devices (e.g., Hooke’s Law spring)
Work/Energy Theorem
W = DK
Kinetic Energy
K = 1/2 mv2
Power
P = dW / dt = F · v
Assignment: For Wednesday read Chapter 8
WebAssign Problem Set 4 due Tuesday next week (start now) 1

3. Work & Energy One of the most important concepts in physics.
Alternative approach to mechanics.
Many applications beyond mechanics.
Thermodynamics (movement of heat or particles).
Quantum mechanics...
Very useful tools.
You will learn a complementary approach (often much easier) way to solve problems. But there is no free lunch….easier but there are fewer details that are explicitly known.

4. Energy Conservation Energy cannot be destroyed or created.
See text: 7-1
Energy Conservation
Energy cannot be destroyed or created.
Just changed from one form to another.
We say energy is conserved !
True for any isolated system.
Doing “work” on an otherwise isolated system will change it’s “energy”...

5. Definition of Work, The basics
See text: 7-1
Definition of Work, The basics
Ingredients: Force ( F ), displacement (  r )
Work, W, of a constant force F
acting through a displacement  r
is:
W = F · r (Work is a scalar) F
 r 
displacement
“Scalar or Dot Product”
Work tells you something about what happened on the path!
Did something do work on you? Did you do work on something?
Simplest case (no frictional forces and no non-contact forces) Did your speed change? ( what happened to | v | !!!)

6. A tangetial force is the important one for work!
Remember that a path evolves with time and acceleration implies a force acting on an object a v
path
and time t
= 0 a = +
aradial
atang
Fradial
Ftang F
Two possible options:
Change in the magnitude of v a
= 0
Change in the direction of v a
= 0
A tangetial force is the important one for work!
How long (time dependence) gives the kinematics
The distance over which this forceTang is applied: Work

7. Definition of Work... F cos  If we know
Only the component of F along the path (i.e. “displacement”) does work.
The vector dot product does that automatically.
Example: Train on a track. F 
 r
F cos  If we know
the angle the force makes
with the track, the dot product
gives us F cos q and Dr

8. Review: Scalar Product (or Dot Product) 7.3
Useful for performing projections. A q A y
A  î = Ax î A x
Calculation is simple in terms of components.
A  B = (Ax )(Bx) + (Ay )(By ) + (Az )(Bz )
Calculation also in terms of magnitudes and relative angles.
A  B ≡ | A | | B | cos q
You choose the way that works best for you!

9. Work: 1-D Example (constant force)
See text: 7-1
Work: 1-D Example (constant force)
A force F = 10 N pushes a box across a frictionless floor for a distance x = 5 m. F
q = 0°
Start
Finish x
Work is A  B ≡ | A | | B | cos q = F x = 10 x 5 N m = 50 J
1 Nm is defined to be 1 Joule and this is a unit of energy
Work reflects energy transfer
See example 7-1: Pushing a trunk.

10. Units: See text: 7-1 Force x Distance = Work Newton x [M][L] / [T]2
Meter = Joule
[L] [M][L]2 / [T]2
N-m (Joule)
Dyne-cm (erg)
= 10-7 J
BTU = 1054 J
calorie = J
foot-lb = J
eV = 1.6x10-19 J
cgs
Other
mks

11. Work: 1-D 2nd Example (constant force)
See text: 7-1
Work: 1-D 2nd Example (constant force)
A force F = 10 N pushes a box across a frictionless floor for a distance x = 5 m.
Start
Finish
q = 180° F x
Work is A  B ≡ | A | | B | cos q = F x (-1) = -10 x 5 N m = -50 J
Work reflects energy transfer
See example 7-1: Pushing a trunk.

12. Work: 1-D 3rd Example (constant force)
See text: 7-1
Work: 1-D 3rd Example (constant force)
A force F = 10 N pushes a box across a frictionless floor for a distance x = 5 m.
Start
Finish F
q = -45° x
Work is A  B ≡ | A | | B | cos q = F x 0.71= 50 x 0.71 Nm = 35 J
Work reflects energy transfer
See example 7-1: Pushing a trunk.

13. Work and Varying Forces
Text : 7.3
Work and Varying Forces
Consider a varying force F(x)
Area = Fx Dx
F is increasing
Here W = F · r
becomes dW = F dx Fx x Dx
Start
Finish F F
q = 0° Dx
Work is a scalar, the catch is that there is no time/position info on hand

14. Lecture 10, Exercise 1 Work in the presence of friction and non-contact forces
A box is pulled up a rough (m > 0) incline by a rope-pulley-weight arrangement as shown below.
How many forces are doing work on the box ?
Of these which are positive and which are negative?
Use a Force Body Diagram
Compare force and path
(A) 2
(B) 3
(C) 4 v

15. Lecture 10, Exercise 1 Work in the presence of friction and non-contact forces
A box is pulled up a rough (m > 0) incline by a rope-pulley-weight arrangement as shown below.
How many forces are doing work on the box ?
And which are positive and which are negative?
Use a Force Body Diagram
(A) 2
(B) 3 is correct
(C) 4 v T N f mg

16. A variable force device: A Hooke’s Law Spring
Text : 7.3
A variable force device: A Hooke’s Law Spring
Springs are everywhere, (probe microscopes, DNA, an effective interaction between atoms)
In this spring, the magnitude of the force increases as the spring is further compressed (a displacement).
Hooke’s Law,
FS = - k Dx
Dx is the amount the spring is stretched or compressed from it resting position.
Rest or equilibrium position
F(work done on spring) Dx
Active Figure

17. Lecture 10, Exercise 2 Hooke’s Law
Remember Hooke’s Law,
Fx = -k Dx
What are the units for the constant k ?
(A) (B) (C) (D)
F is in kg m/s2 and dividing by m gives kg/s2 or N/m

18. Lecture 10, Exercise 3 Hooke’s Law
8 cm
9 cm
What is the spring constant “k” ?
0.50 kg
(A) 50 N/m (B) 100 N/m (C) 400 N/m (D) 500 N/m

19. Lecture 10, Exercise 3 Hooke’s Law
8 cm
9 cm
What is the spring constant “k” ?
SF = 0 = Fs – mg = k Dx - mg
Use k = mg/Dx = 5 N / 0.01 m
Fspring
0.50 kg
(A) 50 N/m (B) 100 N/m (C) 400 N/m (D) 500 N/m mg

20. F-x relation for a foot arch:
Force (N)
Displacement (mm)

21. F-x relation for a single DNA molecule

22. Measurement technique: optical tweezers

23. Work & Kinetic Energy: Energy transfer involving changes in speed
A force, F = 10 N, pushes a box across a frictionless floor for a distance x = 5m.
The speed of the box is v1 before the push, and v2 after the push.
Consider only this force and the box
Relate the work to the kinetic energy of the box v1 v2 F F’ m i x

24. Work Kinetic-Energy Theorem:
See text: 7-4
Work Kinetic-Energy Theorem:
{Net Work done on object} =
{change in kinetic energy of object}
(final – initial)

25. Example: Work Kinetic-Energy Theorem
How much will the spring compress (i.e. x) to bring the object to a stop (i.e., v = 0 ) if the object is moving initially at a constant velocity (vo) on frictionless surface as shown below ? to vo
Notice that the spring force is opposite to the displacemant.
For the mass m, work is negative
For the spring, work is positive F m
spring at an equilibrium position x
V=0 t m
spring compressed

26. Example: Work Kinetic-Energy Theorem
How much will the spring compress (i.e. x = xf - xi) to bring the object to a stop (i.e., v = 0 ) if the object is moving initially at a constant velocity (vo) on frictionless surface as shown below ? x vo m to F
spring compressed
spring at an equilibrium position
V=0 t

27. Lecture 10, Exercise 4 Kinetic Energy
To practice your pitching you use two baseballs. The first time you throw a slow curve and clock the speed at 50 mph (~25 m/s). The second time you go with high heat and the radar gun clocks the pitch at 100 mph. What is the ratio of the kinetic energy of the fast ball versus the curve ball ?
(A) 1/4 (B) 1/ (C) 1 (D) (E) 4

28. Lecture 10, Exercise 4 Kinetic Energy
To practice your pitching you use two baseballs. The first time you throw a slow curve and clock the speed at 50 mph (~25 m/s). The second time you go with high heat and the radar gun clocks the pitch at 100 mph. What is the ratio of the kinetic energy of the fast ball versus the curve ball ?
KE2/KE1 = ½ mv22 / ½ mv12 = 1002 / 502 = 4
(A) 1/4 (B) 1/ (C) 1 (D) (E) 4

29. Lecture 10, Exercise 5 Work & Friction
Two blocks having mass m1 and m2 where m1 > m2. They are sliding on a frictionless floor and have the same kinetic energy when they encounter a long rough stretch (i.e. m > 0) which slows them down to a stop.
Which one will go farther before stopping?
Hint: How much work does friction do on each block ?
(A) m1 (B) m2 (C) They will go the same distance m1 v1 m2 v2

30. Lecture 10, Exercise 5 Work & Friction
W = F d = - m N d = - m mg d = DK = 0 – ½ mv2
- m m1g d1 = - m m2g d2  d1 / d2 = m2 / m1
(A) m1 (B) m2 (C) They will go the same distance m1 v1 m2 v2

31. Lecture 10, Exercise 6 Work & Friction
You like to drive home fast, slam on your brakes at the start of the driveway, and screech to a stop “laying rubber” all the way. It’s particularly fun when your mother is in the car with you. You practice this trick driving at 20 mph and with some groceries in your car with the same mass as your mother. You find that you only travel half way up the driveway. Thus when your mom joins you in the car, you try it driving twice as fast. How far will you go this time ?
The same distance. Not so exciting.
 2 times as far (only ~7/10 of the way up the driveway)
Twice as far, right to the door. Whoopee!
Four times as far crashing into the house. (Oops.)

32. Lecture 10, Exercise 6 Work & Friction
W = F d = - m N d = - m mg d = DK = 0 – ½ mv2
W1= - m mg d1= DK1= 0 – ½ mv12
W2= - m mg d2= DK2= 0 – ½ m(2v1)2 = – 4 (½ mv12)
- m mg d2= – 4 (m mg d1)  d2= – 4 d1
The same distance. Not so exciting.
 2 times as far (only ~7/10 of the way up the driveway)
Twice as far, right to the door. Whoopee!
Four times as far crashing into the house. (Oops.)

33. Work & Power:
Two cars go up a hill, a Corvette and a ordinary Chevy Malibu. Both cars have the same mass.
Assuming identical friction, both engines do the same amount of work to get up the hill.
Are the cars essentially the same ?
NO. The Corvette gets up the hill quicker
It has a more powerful engine.

34. Work & Power: Power is the rate at which work is done.
Average Power is,
Instantaneous Power is,

35. Lecture 10, Exercise 8 Work & Power
Starting from rest, a car drives up a hill at constant acceleration and then suddenly stops at the top. The instantaneous power delivered by the engine during this drive looks like which of the following,
(A)
(B)
(C)
Power
time
Power Z3
time
Power
time

36. Lecture 10, Exercise 8 Work & Power
P = dW / dt and W = F d = (m mg cos q - mg sin q) d
and d = ½ a t2 (constant accelation)
So W = F ½ a t2  P = F a t = F v
(A)
(B)
(C)
Power
time
Power Z3
time
Power
time

37. Work & Power: Simple Example 1 :
Power is the rate at which work is done.
Average
Power:
Instantaneous
Power:
Units (SI) are
Watts (W):
1 W = 1 J / 1s
Simple Example 1 :
A person of mass 80.0 kg walks up to 3rd floor (12.0m). If he/she climbs in 20.0 sec what is the average power used.
Pavg = F h / t = mgh / t = 80.0 x 9.80 x 12.0 / 20.0 W
P = 470. W

38. Work & Power: Simple Example 2 : P = F v
Engine of a jet develops a trust of 15,000 N when plane is flying at 300 m/s. What is the horsepower of the engine ?
P = F v
P = (15,000 N) (300 m/s) = 4.5 x 106 W
= (4.5 x 106 W) (1 hp / 746 W) ~ 6,000 hp !

39. Physics 207, Lecture 10, Recap Definition of Work (a scalar quantity)
Agenda: Chapter 7, Work and Energy Transfer
Definition of Work (a scalar quantity)
Variable force devices (e.g., Hooke’s Law spring)
Work/Energy Theorem
W = DK
Kinetic Energy
K = 1/2 mv2
Power
P = dW / dt = F · v
Assignment: For Wednesday read Chapter 8
WebAssign Problem Set 4 due Tuesday next week (start now) 1