1. BASIC BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES

2. A1. Basic Biological Principles
Describe the characteristics of life shared by all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms
Compare cellular structures and their function in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms
Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function at the various levels of biological organization (organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organisms)
Define, describe and give examples of the various types of cells – prokaryotic vs eukaryotic, plant vs animal

3. A1. Vocabulary
Cell organelle Golgi apparatus Cell theory vacuole chloroplasts Cell membrane lysosome mitochondria Nucleus cytoskeleton cell wall Eukaryote centriole lipid bilayer Prokaryote ribosome selectively permeable Cytoplasm endoplasmic reticulum Tissue Organ organism Organ system vesicle

4. Characteristics of Life
ALL living things must be able to
Grow and Reproduce
Obtain and use materials for energy
Maintain a stable internal environment (homeostasis)
Respond to the environment
Can a cell “do” everything on this list?
What do you call the most basic unit of life?

5. The CELL Theory What’s a theory? Characteristics of Life
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things
All living things are made of cells
New cells are produced from existing cells
In science, a theory is an idea heavily supported by experimentation.
What’s a theory?

6. Characteristics of Life
ALL CELLS…
Have DNA (genetic material; A.K.A chromatin, chromosomes)
Have a cell membrane (barrier)
Have cytoplasm (fluid)
Have ribosomes which make proteins
Proteins are essential for the function of ALL cells
Grow, reproduce, obtain and use materials, maintain homeostasis and respond to the environment

7. ALL CELLS can be classified as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
Characteristics of Life
ALL CELLS can be classified as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic.

8. Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
NO nucleus
NO specialized cell structure (organelles)
DNA found in cytoplasm
Small and simple cells
All prokaryotes are UNICELLULAR (single-celled)
a.k.a. bacteria

9. Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
Notice
Ribosomes
DNA not contained in nucleus
Pili and flagella for movement

10. Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
DNA in nucleus
Specialized cell structures (organelles)
Larger and more complex cells
Eukaryotes can be uni- or multi-cellular
a.k.a. plants, animals, fungi, protists

11. Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
Notice
Increased complexity
Bigger in size
DNA in nucleus
Cellular structures

12. Homework for tonight… You will need your textbook
For each cell part listed in your notes, describe the function (what does it do, what is it’s “job”)
If you can, draw a picture of what each cell part looks like
Get started now…

13. Cell Structure and Function
1. Cell Membrane
Also called the plasma membrane
Phospholipid bilayer
Selectively permeable boundary (ALL CELLS)
Regulates the movement of material into and out of the cell

14. Cell Structure and Function
1. Cell Membrane

15. Cell Structure and Function
2. Ribosomes
Manufacture proteins
Found in all cells
Evidence of the importance of proteins to ALL cells

16. Cell Structure and Function
3. Cytoplasm
Fluid component of cells
Provide structure, support and stability
Aids in movement of material throughout cell
Found in all cells

17. Cell Structure and Function
4. Nucleus
Contains the DNA in eukaryotic cells
Nucleolus assembles ribosomes
Nuclear membrane surrounds the nucleus

18. Cell Structure and Function
5. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Found alongside nucleus
Rough ER contains ribosomes; protein synthesis
Smooth ER does not contain ribosomes; membrane lipid synthesis and drug detoxification

19. Cell Structure and Function
6. Golgi Apparatus
Receives proteins from ER
Modifies, sorts and packages proteins for export from cell

20. Cell Structure and Function
7. Vesicles
Transport material such as proteins throughout cell

21. Cell Structure and Function
8. Vacuoles
Storage facilities
In plants, a LARGE CENTRAL VACUOLE fills with water to maintain structure
When a plant goes without water, the central vacuole empties and plant wilts
In animals, several smaller vesicles
In freshwater protists, a contractile vacuole helps pump water out of cell

22. Cell Structure and Function
8. Vacuoles

23. Cell Structure and Function
9. Lysosomes
Contain enzymes
Digest large molecules, old cell parts, things that DO NOT belong in the cell
“recycling center”

24. Cell Structure and Function
10. centrioles
Found only in animal cells
Help organize cell division (???)

25. Cell Structure and Function
11. cytoskeleton
Maintains shape of cell
Aids in movement of cell and movement of organelles

26. Cell Structure and Function
12. chloroplasts
Found in plant cells and some photosynthetic protists
Convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose)

27. Cell Structure and Function
13. mitochondria
Converts chemical energy (food) into useful cellular energy (ATP)

28. Cell Structure and Function
14. Cell wall
Plant cells and prokaryotes
Rigid support and protection for cell

29. Organization of Multicellular Life
Levels of Biological Organization
Organelles (cell structures with specialized functions)
Cell (basic unit of life)
Tissue (a group of cells)
Organ (a group of tissues)
Organ system (a group of organs)
Organism

30. Organization of Multicellular Life
Levels of Biological Organization

31. Organization of Multicellular Life
What level of biological organization is represented in the diagrams above?

32. Organization of Multicellular Life
Cell specialization
Cells develop in different ways to perform different functions (structure fits function)
Ex: muscle cells require a lot of energy and are loaded with mitochondria
Ex: pancreatic cells produce proteins and are therefore loaded with ribosomes and rough ER
Ex: liver cells remove toxins from blood and are loaded with smooth ER

33. This Marks the End of the Material for the A1
This Marks the End of the Material for the A1.Cell Structure and Function Test
TEST FRIDAY!

34. Keystone Prep Questions
Structure
Nucleus?
Genetic Material?
Cell wall?
Cell membrane?
Organelles?
Ribosomes?
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes

35. Keystone Prep Questions
Which characteristic is shared by all prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Ability to store hereditary information
Use of organelles to control cell processes
Use of cellular respiration for energy release
Ability to move in response to environmental stimuli

36. Keystone Prep Questions
Living things can be classified as either prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Which two structures are common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Cell wall and nucleus
Cell wall and chloroplast
Plasma membrane and nucleus
Plasma membrane and cytoplasm

37. Keystone Prep Questions
If a cell of an organism contains a nucleus, the organism is a(n)
Plant
Eukaryote
Animal
prokaryotes

38. Keystone Prep Questions
Alveoli are microscopic air sacs in the lungs of mammals. Which statement best describes how the structure of the alveoli allows the lungs to function properly?
They increase the amount of energy transferred from the lungs to the blood
They increase the flexibility of the lungs as they expand during inhalation
They increase the volume of the lungs allowing more oxygen to be inhaled
They increase the surface area of the lungs allowing efficient gas exchange

39. Keystone Prep Questions
Some human body cells are shown in the diagrams below.
These groups of cells represent different
Tissues in which similar cells function together
Organs that help to carry out a specific life activity
Systems that are responsible for a specific life activity
Organelles that carry out different functions

40. Keystone Prep Questions
Which cell parts are found in plants but not animals?
Nucleus and cell membrane
Cell wall and nucleus
Mitochondria
Cell wall and chloroplasts

41. Keystone Prep Questions
Which of the following is NOT a principle of the cell theory?
Cells are the basic unit of life
All living things are made of cells
Very few cells reproduce
All cells are produced by existing cells

42. Keystone Prep Questions
Which order describes the organization of multicellular organisms from smallest to largest?
Cells, organs, tissues, organ systems, organism
Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
Organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell
Cells, tissue, organ, organism

43. Keystone Prep Questions
The diagram below represents a cell of a green plant. Solar energy is used to produce energy-rich compound sin structure A B C D

44. Keystone Prep Questions
Which cell structure is correctly paired with its function?
Ribosome – protein synthesis
Vacuole – production of genetic information
Nucleus – carbohydrate synthesis
Mitochondrion – waste disposal

45. Keystone Prep Questions
A pesticide that kills an insect by interfering with the production of proteins in the insect would most likely affect the activity of
Ribosomes
Minerals
Chloroplasts
mitochondria

46. Keystone Prep Questions
The diagram below represents two cells, X and Y.  
Which statement is correct concerning the structure labeled A?
It regulates movement of material into/out of both cells
It is involved in communication in cell X but not cell Y
It prevents absorption of CO2 in cell X and O2 in cell Y
It represents the cell wall in cell X and the cell membrane in cell Y