1. The Cold War and Decolonization1945–1975
AP World History
Chapter 30
2018

2. I. The Cold War

3. A. The United Nations
Decolonization was often shaped by the need to align with either the United States or the Soviet Union
NATO was a military alliance consisting of the U.S. and western European countries however Greece and Turkey were admitted to check Soviet expansion in Europe
The Soviet-dominated counterpart to NATO was the Warsaw Pact
The US, Britain, France and the USSR were permanent members of the UN Security Council

4. B. Capitalism and Communism
The Marshall Plan provided 12.5 billion dollars in economic aid to friendly European countries
The significant failure mechanism within the United Nations was rivalry among the permanent members in exercising veto actions
By instituting a closed monetary system for itself and allied communist countries in Eastern Europe, the USSR violated the agreement to participate in the World Bank.

5. C. West versus East in Europe & Asia
The model of economic recovery in the west emphasized the production of consumer goods
Many eastern European nations welcomed Soviet influence because the Soviets were enemies of fascism – imposed on them by Hitler
Increased wages, government sponsored health care, social welfare programs and income redistribution raised the standards of living in post-war Western Europe
The US feared that attacking China would prompt Soviet retaliation so the Korean war was limited to the Korean peninsula

6. D. U.S. Defeat in Vietnam
The U.S. military operations were restricted in Vietnam as a way to prevent China from entering the Vietnam war
A nationalist movement against the French was instigated by Ho Chi Minh
A North Vietnamese supported communist guerilla movement was the Viet Cong

7. E. The Race for Nuclear Supremacy
The Cuban missile crisis was a result of the U.S. discovering that the Soviet Union had deployed nuclear missiles in Cuba in 1962
The Helsinki Accords of 1975, were a precursor to human rights dialogue, called for government and economic contact across the iron curtain and stated that military force should not change national boundaries
Space exploration was part of the nuclear arms race… the Soviet Sputnik satellite launch led to Buzz Aldrin & Neil Armstrong first humans to walk on the moon in the 20th century

8. II. Decolonization and Nation Building

9. A. New Nations in South and Southeast Asia
Independent states of India and Pakistan were strikingly dissimilar and in 1947 went to war over the northwestern state of Kashmir
Pakistan defined itself in terms of religion and its Bengali-speaking eastern section seceded as an independent nation called Bangladesh

10. B. The Struggle for Independence in Africa
The French were determined to hold on to Algeria due to its substantial French settler population, and oil and gas fields
But French occupation produced an Algerian independence movement…the FLN
In 1954 the FLN began a revolt supported by Egypt and other Arab countries
Finally in 1962, France gave Algeria independence
Ghana was the first British colony in West Africa to gain independence
The Belgian Congo independence movement was chaotic and violent when compared to other areas of Africa

11. The influence of coffee planters made it difficult for Kenya to win independence, while in French West Africa, the promises of France to provide vast improvements slowed down progress towards independence
Most leaders of African independence movements were among the most westernized members of their society
Nelson Mandela organized guerrilla resistance in 1960 in South Africa, where the government used policies of racial segregation called apartheid

12. C. The Quest of Economic Freedom in Latin America
Latin America’s decolonization was majorly different because the independent movements of the 19th century were not followed by industrialization
The U.S. overthrew the Guatemalan government in 1954, because it threatened to seize large agricultural estates owned by the United Fruit Company
25% of the Cuban national income was derived from sugar manufacturing and exporting
The goal of Cuba’s Castro was to end American economic imperialism and the Bay of Pigs invasion was a U. S. sponsored attempt to overthrow Castro.

13. III. Beyond a Bipolar World

14. A. The Third World
Third World nations were usually newly independent poor nations and tried to play the two superpowers against each other to get assistance from both sides
In 1956, Israel, Great Britain, and France joined together to invade Egypt and seize the Suez Canal

15. B. Japan and China
The Cold War isolated and excluded Japan which helped Japan to rebuild and develop its economic strength
China was deeply involved in Cold War politics and Mao Zedong attempted to industrialize using small-scale industries and collectivized agriculture called the “Great Leap Forward”
An effort to instill revolutionary fervor in a new generation began in 1966 with the Chinese Cultural Revolution

16. C. The Middle East
The struggle between Israel and other Arab states overshadowed all Arab politics since WWII
The superpowers didn’t view the struggle between Israel and the Arab states as a vital concern until the oil wealth of the Middle East was discovered
The Egyptian-Israeli war in 1973 led directly to the Arab oil embargo against the U.S. and the Netherlands

17. D. The Emergence of Environmental Concerns
The postwar economic recovery and the Cold War focused on technological innovation and industrial projects…at the expense of the environment
Student protests of the late 1960s in the U.S., France, Japan and Mexico focused on environmental concerns and problems
The establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency in 1970 was an example of new awareness of environmental issues