1. Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
America
Becomes
a Colonial
Power
Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

2. Essential Question:
Why did America
join the imperialist
club at the end
of the 19c?

3. Oklahoma Standards
Content Standard 2: The student will analyze the expanding role of the United States in international affairs as America was transformed into a world power in the late 19th and early 20th centuries,1890 to 1920.
2.1: Cite specific textual and visual evidence to evaluate the impact of American imperialism on international relations and explain its impact on developing nations.
A. Compare and contrast the economic, religious, social, and political rationales for American imperialism including the concept of “white man’s burden,” the annexation of Hawaii, the impact of Admiral Alfred T. Mahan, and the actions of the Anti-Imperialist League.
B. Assess the role of yellow journalism in inciting American desire to go to war with Spain.
C. Examine how the Spanish-American War resulted in the rise of the United States as a world power, and led to new territorial acquisitions and national insurrections in Cuba and the Philippines.
D. Compare and contrast the foreign policies of Presidents Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson including Big Stick Diplomacy, Dollar Diplomacy, Missionary Diplomacy the Roosevelt Corollary, military interventionism, and the territorial acquisition and construction of the Panama Canal.

4. 1. Commercial/Business Interests U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

5. 1. Commercial/Business Interests American Foreign Trade: 1870-1914

6. 2. Military/Strategic Interests
Alfred T. Mahan  The Influence of Sea Power on History:
Urged naval readiness for USA. Increase Navy Ships, build Naval bases in Atlantic, Pacific, and Carribbean, Build a canal to easily sail ships from Atlantic to Pacific

7. 3. Social Darwinist Thinking
The White Man’s Burden
The Hierarchy of Race

8. 4. Religious/Missionary Interests American Missionaries in China, 1905

9. 5. Closing the American Frontier

10. Hawaii:
"Crossroads
of the
Pacific"

11. U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii
Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

12. U. S. View of Hawaiians
Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in by virtue of economic treaties.

13. Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

14. Protecting U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii
1875 – Reciprocity Treaty
1890 – McKinley Tariff
1893 – American businessmen backed an uprising against Queen Liliuokalani.
Sanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894.

15. To The Victor Belongs the Spoils
Hawaiian Annexation

16. Japan

17. Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853
The Japanese View of Commodore Perry

18. Opens Japan to foreign trade with USA
Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854
Opens Japan to foreign trade with USA

19. Gentleman’s Agreement: 1908
A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports to laborers entering the U.S.
Japan recognized the U.S. right to exclude Japanese immigrants holding passports issued by other countries.
The U.S. government got the school board of San Francisco to rescind their order to segregate Asians in separate schools.
1908  Root-Takahira Agreement.

20. Root-Takahira Agreement: 1908
A pledge to maintain the status quo in the Far East.
Recognition of China’s independence and territorial integrity, and support for continuation of the Open-Door Policy.
An agreement to mutual consultation in the event of future Far Eastern crises.

21. Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1912
Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr. (R-MA)
Non-European powers, like Japan, would be excluded from owning territory in the Western Hemisphere.

22. Alaska

23. $7.2 million to purchase Alaska from Russia
“Seward’s Folly”: 1867
$7.2 million to purchase Alaska from Russia

24. “Seward’s Icebox”: 1867 – viewed as a waste of taxpayer dollars by many.

25. Cuba

26. The Imperialist Tailor

27. Spanish Misrule in Cuba

28. Valeriano “the Butcher” Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy – tortured rebels attempting to overthrow Spanish rule in Cuba

29. William Randolph Hearst
“Yellow Journalism” – sensational reporting to sell newspapers by encouraging America to war with Spain.
Joseph Pulitzer
Hearst to Frederick Remington (photographer): “You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war!”
William Randolph Hearst

30. De Lôme Letter Dupuy de Lôme, Spanish Ambassador to the U.S.
Criticized President McKinley as weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd, besides being a would-be politician who tries to leave a door open behind himself while keeping on good terms with the jingoes of his party.

31. Theodore Roosevelt
Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley administration.
Imperialist and American nationalist.
Criticized President McKinley as having the backbone of a chocolate éclair!
Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.

32. The “Rough Riders”

33. Remember the Maine and to Hell with Spain!
USS Maine (Naval Ship) explosion off the coast of Cuba. Yellow Journalists blame Spanish. Decades later was found to be a boiler explosion.
Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

34. The Spanish-American War (1898): “That Splendid Little War”
How prepared was the US for war?

35. The
Philippines

36. The Spanish-American War (1898): “That Splendid Little War”

37. Dewey Captures Manila!
Commodore George Dewey destroys an unsuspecting Spanish fleet docked in Manila, The Philippines , mere hours after US declares war on Spain.

38. Is He To Be a Despot?

39. Emilio Aguinaldo July 4, 1946: Philippine independence
Leader of the Filipino Uprising.
July 4, 1946: Philippine independence

40. William H. Taft, 1st Gov.-General of the Philippines
Great administrator, Future President.

41. Our “Sphere of Influence”

42. The Treaty of Paris: 1898 Ended Spanish American War
Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.
Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island of Guam.
The U. S. paid Spain $20 mil. for the Philippines.
The U. S. becomes an imperial power!

43. The American Anti-Imperialist League
Founded in 1899.
Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, William James, and William Jennings Bryan among the leaders.
Campaigned against the annexation of the Philippines and other acts of imperialism.

44. Cuban Independence? Teller Amendment (1898) Platt Amendment (1903)
Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence.
The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.
Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval and coaling station.
Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.
Senator Orville Platt

45. DILEMMA--Did
U. S. citizenship
follow the flag??

46. Puerto
Rico

47. Puerto Rico: 1898 1900 - Foraker Act. 1901-1903  the Insular Cases.
PR became an “unincorporated territory.”
Citizens of PR, not of the US.
Import duties on PR goods
 the Insular Cases.
Constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions.
Congress had the power to decide these rights.
Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were legal!

48. Puerto Rico: 1898 1917 – Jones Act.
Gave full territorial status to PR.
Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the US.
PRs elected their own legislators & governor to enforce local laws.
PRs could NOT vote in US presidential elections.
A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to vote for PR in the House.

49. Panama

50. Panama: The King’s Crown
1850  Clayton-Bulwer Treaty.
1901  Hay-Paunceforte Treaty.
Philippe Bunau-Varilla, agent provocateur.
Dr. Walter Reed.
Colonel W. Goethals.
1903  Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty.
TR supports Panamanian rebels for independence from Colombia; new country of Panama allows US to build Panama Canal connecting Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

51. TR in Panama (Construction begins in 1904)
Panama Canal
TR in Panama (Construction begins in 1904)

52. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905
Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power .

53. Speak Softly, But Carry a Big Stick!

54. China

55. Stereotypes of the Chinese Immigrant
Oriental [Chinese] Exclusion Act, 1887 – no Chinese immigrants allowed into USA

56. The Boxer Rebellion: 1900 The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.
“55 Days at Peking.”

57. The Open Door Policy Secretary of State John Hay.
Give all nations equal access to trade in China.
Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.

58. The Open Door Policy

59. America as a Pacific Power

60. America's
New
Role

61. The Cares of a Growing Family

62. Constable of the World

63. Ends Russo – Japanese War Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy
Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905
Ends Russo – Japanese War
Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy

64. The Great White Fleet: 1907

65. Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”
Improve financial opportunities for American businesses.
Use private capital to further U. S. interests overseas.
Therefore, the U.S. should create stability and order abroad that would best promote America’s commercial interests.

66. Mexico

67. The Mexican Revolution: 1910s
Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he was murdered.
Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta.
The U.S. also got involved by occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.
Eventually Carranza would gain power in Mexico.

68. The Mexican Revolution: 1910s
Emiliano Zapata
Pancho Villa
Venustiano Carranza
Porfirio Diaz
Francisco I Madero

69. Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”
The U. S. should be the conscience of the world.
Spread democracy.
Promote peace.
Condemn colonialism.

70. Searching for Banditos
General John J. Pershing with Pancho Villa in 1914.

71. U. S. Global Investments & Investments in Latin America, 1914

72. U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920s

73. Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”