1. Telecommunication ELEC503
12/01/1440
Telecommunication ELEC503
Week 2
Spring 2013/2014
Lecturer: Eng. Atef Abu Salim

2. ELEC503 Telecommunication
Physical Topology
Determines how the network nodes are connected together. Bus Topology Star Topology Ring Topology Mesh Topology
9/22/2018
ELEC503 Telecommunication

3. ELEC503 Telecommunication
Bus Topology
Drop Line
Tap
Terminator
Drop line: connection between node and main cable via tap.
Tap: connector between drop line and main cable.
Terminator: to prevent bouncing.
9/22/2018
ELEC503 Telecommunication

4. ELEC503 Telecommunication
Bus Topology cont.
Multipoint.
One long cable (backbone) ,connect all nodes in network.
Access method : Broadcast.
All computer have a copy from a message but only the receiver (sent to) can open the message.
If the cables was cutoff or failure , all network is down,.
This topology uses less cabling.
Easy to add nodes.
9/22/2018
ELEC503 Telecommunication

5. ELEC503 Telecommunication
Star Topology
Hub
9/22/2018
ELEC503 Telecommunication

6. ELEC503 Telecommunication
Star Topology cont.
All nodes in network connected point-to-point link with central controller (hub).
In star topology, each node need one link and one port to connect with network.
All network depend on the hub, if the hub goes down , all network is dead.
9/22/2018
ELEC503 Telecommunication

7. ELEC503 Telecommunication
Ring Topology
Access method: Token passing
9/22/2018
ELEC503 Telecommunication

8. ELEC503 Telecommunication
Ring Topology cont.
Every node connected point-to-point with two node.
The signal is passed on one direction.
Not all node have the same copy of the message.
The message sent by the sender and the message turns to give destination
To speed up the network we add another ring.
When a ring break , all network is dead.
9/22/2018
ELEC503 Telecommunication

9. ELEC503 Telecommunication
Mesh Topology
9/22/2018
ELEC503 Telecommunication

10. ELEC503 Telecommunication
Mesh Topology cont.
Every node has dedicated point-to-point link with all node in network.
Every node must have n-1 port.
N: no. of nodes in network
No. of link in any mesh network =
N(N-1)/2
Mesh topology service security and privacy.
More expensive.
9/22/2018
ELEC503 Telecommunication

11. ELEC503 Telecommunication
Hybrid Topology
A network can be hybrid.
hub
9/22/2018
ELEC503 Telecommunication

12. ELEC503 Telecommunication
Transmission Media
A transmission media define as anything that can carry information from a source to a destination.
9/22/2018
ELEC503 Telecommunication

13. Transmission Media cont.
9/22/2018
ELEC503 Telecommunication

14. ELEC503 Telecommunication
Guided Media
9/22/2018
ELEC503 Telecommunication

15. ELEC503 Telecommunication
Coaxial Cable (coax)
9/22/2018
ELEC503 Telecommunication

16. ELEC503 Telecommunication
Coaxial Cable (coax)
Two kinds:
Thicknet(RG-11): it connect 100 devices with range 500 m (more expensive ).
Thinnet (RG-58): it connect 30 devices within 185 m (cheaper).
To connect coaxial cable to device, we need (BNC).
Carries signals of higher frequency ranges than twisted-pair cable.
9/22/2018
ELEC503 Telecommunication

17. ELEC503 Telecommunication
Thinnet
Ref:
9/22/2018
ELEC503 Telecommunication

18. ELEC503 Telecommunication
Twisted-Pair Cable
100 m, more flexible, cheap, installation doesn’t need experience.
9/22/2018
ELEC503 Telecommunication

19. ELEC503 Telecommunication
Twisted Pair cable
Two or more pairs of single conductor wires that have been twisted around each other.
Twisted pair cable is classified by category. Twisted pair cable is currently Category 1 through Category 6.
Twisting the cables helps to eliminate electromagnetic interference between the two wires.
Shielding can further help to eliminate interference.
9/22/2018
ELEC503 Telecommunication

20. ELEC503 Telecommunication
9/22/2018
ELEC503 Telecommunication

21. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
More difficult to install and more expensive but less susceptible to noise.
9/22/2018
ELEC503 Telecommunication

22. Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP)
RJ45 connector
To connect twisted pair cable to device we need RJ45 connector
9/22/2018
ELEC503 Telecommunication

23. ELEC503 Telecommunication
Connector
RJ-45
BNC
9/22/2018
ELEC503 Telecommunication

24. ELEC503 Telecommunication
Fiber Optics cable
9/22/2018
ELEC503 Telecommunication

25. ELEC503 Telecommunication
Fiber Optics cable
Single-mode fiber
Carries light pulses along single path.
Multimode fiber
Many pulses of light travel at different angles
9/22/2018
ELEC503 Telecommunication

26. Fiber Optics cable cont.
Advantage: noise resistance, less attenuation, and higher bandwidth.
Disadvantage: cost, installation/maintenance, and fragility.
9/22/2018
ELEC503 Telecommunication

27. Fiber Optics cable cont.
Two popular connectors used with fiber-optic cable:
ST connectors
SC connectors
Other Connector Types: FC, MT-RJ, FDDI
9/22/2018
ELEC503 Telecommunication

28. Categories of 10-Mbps, Ethernet
9/22/2018
ELEC503 Telecommunication

29. ELEC503 Telecommunication
Unguided Media
Transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical conductor (wireless communication).
Radio waves & microwaves
Infrared
Light wave
3 KHz GHz GHz GHz
9/22/2018
ELEC503 Telecommunication

30. ELEC503 Telecommunication
Unguided Media
Radio, satellite microwave,, Bluetooth, and infrared light are all different forms of electromagnetic waves that are used to transmit data.
9/22/2018
ELEC503 Telecommunication

31. ELEC503 Telecommunication
Unguided signal can travel from the source to destination in several ways:
1.Ground Propagation:
Radio waves travel through the lowest portion of the atmosphere, hugging the earth.
The low frequency signal follow the curvature of the planet.
Distance depends on the amount of the power.
9/22/2018
ELEC503 Telecommunication

32. ELEC503 Telecommunication
Cont.
2.Sky Propagation:
Higher frequency radio radiate upward into the ionosphere where they are reflected back to the earth.
Sky propagation allow for greater distance with lower power output.
9/22/2018
ELEC503 Telecommunication

33. ELEC503 Telecommunication
Cont.
3.line-of-sight Propagation:
Very high frequency signals are transmitted in straight lines directly from antenna to antenna.
9/22/2018
ELEC503 Telecommunication

34. Wireless Communication
9/22/2018
ELEC503 Telecommunication

35. ELEC503 Telecommunication
Radio Waves
Between 3 KHz – 1 GHz.
Omnidirectional.
Radio waves use omnidirectional antenna.
Radio waves used for multicast communication, such as radio and television.
Sky Propagation.
9/22/2018
ELEC503 Telecommunication

36. ELEC503 Telecommunication
Microwave
Between 1 GHz- 300 GHz.
Unidirectional.
Microwave use Unidirectional antenna.
Microwave used for unicast communication, such as cellular telephone ,wireless LAN and satellite.
Line-of-sight propagation.
9/22/2018
ELEC503 Telecommunication

37. Infrared Transmissions
Between 300 GHz-400 THz
Used for short-range communication.
Very common with remote control devices, but can also be used for device-to-device transfers, such as PDA to computer.
Line-of-sight propagation.
9/22/2018
ELEC503 Telecommunication