1. Component 1: Scientific Principles of Physical Education
Written exam: 1hr 45mins
40% of the qualification
90 marks
Content overview
Topic 1: Applied anatomy and physiology
Topic 2: Exercise physiology and applied movement analysis
(biomechanics is embedded within both topics)

2. Topic 1 – Applied anatomy and physiology
This topic looks at the structural and functional roles performed in a range of systems of the body. You will need to know how exercise affects each system looking at both short term responses and long term adaptations. You also need to know how Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion can be used to enhance sports performance.

3. 1.1 Muscular Skeletal System
Content
1.1.1
Name of muscles and bones. Understanding of the types of movements during physical activities at the regions/joints in the course specification.
1.1.2
The stretch-shortening cycle, including different types of contraction/muscular action: isotonic eccentric, isotonic concentric and isometric. Application of how movement or stability is produced as a result of these different contractions / muscular actions during physical activity and sporting movements.
1.1.3
The concept of agonist, prime mover, antagonist, fixator, synergist and how a muscle can take on these different roles when providing stability or movement in a variety of physical or sporting situations.
1.1.4
The components of an anatomical lever and how the body uses the lever systems (1st, 2nd and 3rd class) in the physical activity and sport. This should include the mechanical advantages and disadvantages of each lever.

4. Muscles, Bones, Joints and Types of Movement
You need to know the bones and muscles involved at a number of different joints in the body and the types of movement available at those joints.

5. Bones
Label your model with the following bones: Tibia Clavicle Carpals Fibula Radius Metacarpals Scapula Humerus Pelvis Patella Femus Metatarsals Ulna Phalanges Phalanges Tarsals

6. How did you do?

7. Test your knowledge

8. Muscles
Label your model with the following muscles: Trapezius Latissimus dorsi Quadriceps Psoas major Soleus Hamstrings Tibialis Anterior Tricep brachii Rectus Abdominus Gluteus Gastrocnemius Pectoralis Bicep brachii Posterior deltoids Anterior deltoids

9. How did you do?

10. Types of Movement Flexion Decreasing angle of a joint Extension
Increasing angle of a joint
Abduction
Moving away from the midline of the body
Adduction
Moving towards the midline of the body
Rotation
Any twisting motion
Circumduction
Combination of all movements above

11. Shoulder
Bones CLAVICLE, SCAPULA, HUMERUS Muscles Trapezius, Posterior deltoids, Anterior deltoids, Pectoralis, Latissimus Dorsi Movement Horizontal flexion, Horizontal extension, Abduction, Adduction, Rotation, Circumduction

12. Hip
Bones Pelvis, Femur Muscles Gluteus, Psoas major (hip flexor) Movement Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Rotation, Circumduction

13. Elbow
Bones Radius, Ulna, Humerus Muscles Bicep brachii, Tricep brachii Movement Flexion, extension

14. Knee
Bones Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula Muscles Quadriceps, Hamstrings Movement Flexion, Extension

15. Ankle and Foot
Bones Tibia, Fibula, Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges Muscles Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Tibialis anterior Movement Plantar flexion, Dorsi flexion, Eversion, Inversion

16. Wrist and Hand
Bones Radius, Ulna, Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges Muscles None you need to know of Movement Supination, Pronation

17. Core/Trunk
Bones Vertebral column (see next slide) Muscles Rectus abdominus, latissimus dorsi Movement Flexion, extension, rotation

18. Using sporting examples, explain the difference between rotation and circumduction. (4)

19. Vertebral Column

20. Sporting Movements
You will need to be able to name the, joint, types of movement, muscles and bones involved in a variety of different sporting actions. Try to identify these for the following movements:
The knee joint for the driving leg when pushing off the blocks at the start of a 100m race.
Elbow joint during the upward phase of a push up
The hip joint when moving the leg back to kick a conversion in rugby
The shoulder joint when moving the arm back during the run up in javelin
The ankle joint when pushing off the ground to jump for a rebound in netball
(you should know all of this information to describe any movements involving flexion and extension at the shoulder, elbow, hip, knee and ankle joints)

21. Key Muscle Contraction Terms
Agonist/prime mover
The muscle primarily responsible for a given movement
Antagonist
A muscle that opposes an agonist for a given movement and prevents overstretching of the agonist
Origin
Position where muscle connects to the stationary bone in a movement
Insertion
Position where muscle connects to the moving bone in a movement.
Fixator
A muscle which allows the prime mover to work more efficiently by stabilising the bone where the prime mover originates
Synergist
A muscle which aids the action of a prime mover by stabilising the joint at which the prime mover acts

22. The diagram shows flexion and extension at the elbow.
During flexion the bicep is the agonist and the tricep the antagonist. For extension these roles are reversed.
The origin is at the scapula as no movement occurs here.
The insertion is at the ulna as this is where the movement occurs.

23. Types of Muscle Contraction
There are 2 different types of muscle contraction.
Isotonic contraction
Muscle contracts whilst moving. This can be either while the muscle of shortening (isotonic concentric contraction) or lengthening (isotonic eccentric contraction)
Isometric contraction
Muscle contraction in which muscle length stays the same.

24. Which type of muscle contractions can you identify?

25. a) Define the term concentric muscle action
a) Define the term concentric muscle action. (1) b) Using a sporting example, outline a concentric muscle action. (2)
Concentric contractions involve the muscle shortening while under tension

28. The Stretch-Shortening Cycle
The stretch shortening cycle is something that all of us intuitively make use of when jumping. It involves 3 phases:
The eccentric phase – elastic energy is stored
The amortization phase – time between phase 1 and 3. The shorter this phase the more powerful the contraction.
The concentric phase – the elastic energy stored combines with a concentric contraction to produce a more powerful overall contraction.
This process forms the essential theory behind plyometric training.

29. Exam questions
Name the muscle which causes flexion at the hip joint during a tuck jump in gymnastics.
Psoas major
Which bones articulate at the shoulder joint?
Scapula, humerus, clavicle
What type of muscle contraction occurs in the quadriceps muscles when landing after jumping for a rebound in netball?
Isotonic eccentric
What type of movement does the gastrocnemius cause?
Plantar flexion
What is the amortisation phase in the stretch shortening cycle?
The moment between the eccentric contraction and the concentric contraction
What is a synergist?
A muscle which stabilises a joint
Name 3 different types of vertebral bones
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

30. Using examples, outline the two types of isotonic muscle action. (4)