1. Mid-Term Exam Thursday, Nov.2nd (in class) 20% of final grade
three sections
concise, brief written answers
equal weight
Part 1 Lectures – Bureaucracy and Democracy
lectures from Sept.14-Sept.26
one answer from choice of two questions
Part 2 Lectures – The Political-Bureaucratic Interface within a Department
lectures from Sept.28-Oct.12
one answer from choice of three questions
Part 3 Lectures – Political-Bureaucratic Interface Across Government
lectures from Oct.17-Oct.31
80 minutes
please do NOT arrive late (exam ends at 3:50 pm regardless of time of your arrival!)
have a strategy!!

4. Cuban Missile Crisis recommendations what did you learn???? air strike
Team #3
blockade with air strike after 12 hours
significan dissention on team
blockade
Team #2
plus negotiations+possible air strike
Team #5
+prepare for air strike
diplomacy
Team #4
no conclusion?
Team #1
what did you learn????

5. Bureaucratic-Political Interface Across Government: Channels of Bureauratic Influence and Political Control
October 24th, 2006

6. Model of Bureaucratic-Political Interface Across Government
political bureaucratic interface made up of channels
e.g. interaction takes place along regularized and established routes
channels can be mapped
different types of channels
channels of political control
channels of bureaucratic influence
distinct
e.g. channels of political control/bureaucratic influence not necessarily the same

7. Channels of Central Political Control
outward at political level from PM to Ministers and then downward to bureaucratic level (Deputy Ministers)

8. Channels of Central Political Control
Prime Minister, PMO, Min.Finance, TB
Ministers
Deputy Ministers

9. Channels of Central Political Control
outward at political level from PM to Ministers and then downward to bureaucratic level (Deputy Ministers)
downward from political level (PM/PMO) to bureaucratic level (PCO) and then outward at bureaucratic level (Deputy Ministers)

10. Channels of Central Political Control
Prime Minister, PMO, Min.Finance, TBP
Clerk of the Privy Council, PCO, TBS
Deputy Ministers

11. Channels of Central Political Control
outward at political level from PM to Ministers and then downward to bureaucratic level (Deputy Ministers)
downward from political level (PM/PMO) to bureaucratic level (PCO) and then outward at bureaucratic level (Deputy Ministers)
downward and outward from political level (PM) to bureaucratic level (DMs)

12. Channels of Central Political Control
Prime Minister, PMO, Min.Finance, TBP
Deputy Ministers

13. Channels of Central Political Control
outward at political level from PM to Ministers and then downward to bureaucratic level (Deputy Ministers)
downward from political level (PM/PMO) to bureaucratic level (PCO) and then outward at bureaucratic level (Deputy Ministers)
downward and outward from political level (PM) to bureaucratic level (DMs)

14. Channels of Central Political Control
Prime Minister, PMO, Min.Finance, TBP
Ministers
Clerk of the Privy Council, PCO, TBS
Deputy Ministers

15. Channels of Central Political Control
unique role of the DM
receives political direction from...
Minister
PCO and Clerk PM
indirectly through appointment

16. Channels of Bureaucratic Influence
DM influence over Ministers
from Minister to Cabinet

17. Channels of Bureaucratic Influence
Prime Minister, PMO, Min.Finance, TBP
Ministers
Deputy Ministers

18. Channels of Bureaucratic Influence
Prime Minister, PMO, Min.Finance, TBP
Ministers
Deputy Ministers

19. Channels of Bureaucratic Influence
DM influence over Ministers
from Minister to Cabinet
PCO influence over PM/Min. Finance/Treasury Board

20. Channels of Bureaucratic Influence
DM influence over Ministers
from Minister to Cabinet
PCO influence over PM/Min. Finance/Treasury Board
from PM/Min. Fin./Treasury Board to Cabinet/Ministers

21. Channels of Bureaucratic Influence
Prime Minister, PMO, Min.Finance, TBP
Ministers
Clerk of the Privy Council, PCO, TBS

22. Channels of Bureaucratic Influence
DM influence over Ministers
from Minister to Cabinet
PCO influence over PM/Min. Finance/Treasury Board
from PM/Min. Fin./Treasury Board to Ministers
PCO influence over DM’s

23. Channels of Bureaucratic Influence
DM influence over Ministers
from Minister to Cabinet
PCO influence over PM/Min. Finance/Treasury Board
from PM/Min. Fin./Treasury Board to Ministers
PCO influence over DM’s
-DM influence over ministers

24. Channels of Bureaucratic Influence
Ministers
Clerk of the Privy Council, PCO, TBS
Deputy Ministers

25. Channels of Bureaucratic Influence
DM influence over Ministers
from Minister to Cabinet
PCO influence over PM/Min. Finance/Treasury Board
from PM/Min. Fin./Treasury Board to Cabinet
PCO influence over DM’s
-DM influence over ministers

26. Channels of Central Political Control
Prime Minister, PMO, Min.Finance, TBP
Ministers
Clerk of the Privy Council, PCO, TBS
Deputy Ministers

27. Channels of Bureaucratic Influence
Prime Minister, PMO, Min.Finance, TBP
Ministers
Clerk of the Privy Council, PCO, TBS
Deputy Ministers

28. The Political-Bureaucratic System
Political Level
Bureaucratic Level

29. Implications of the Organizational Structure
political-bureaucratic interface (and potential for conflict) exists at numerous sites
PM/PMO and PCO
central agency ministers and central agencies
PM and DMs
line departments ministers and DMs

30. The Political-Bureaucratic System
Political Level
Bureaucratic Level

31. Implications of the Organizational Structure
political-bureaucratic interfaces exist at numerous sites
creates potential for complex strategies of political control or bureaucratic influence
blockage of one line (political control or bureaucratic influence) does not mean that control/influence not exercised

32. The Political-Bureaucratic System
Political Level
Bureaucratic Level

33. Implications of the Organizational Structure
multiple lines of conflict/control
more simplistic model highlighted democratic questions; reality is more complex
two sets of tendencies to balance (also two potential axes of conflict)
political officials vs. public servants
The Centre vs. the Periphery

34. The Political-Bureaucratic System
Political Level
Bureaucratic Level

35. Dilemmas of Organizational Structure – Centripetal and Centrifugal Tendencies
political control vs. impartiality
democratic paradox
depends on...
the model of democracy!!!!
central political accountability vs. diffused political accountability
parliamentary paradox
accountability/responsibility/answerability
collective ministerial responsibility
individual ministerial responsibility
top-down responsiveness vs. bottom- up responsiveness
bureaucratic paradox
effectiveness/efficiency
coherence and rationality – e.g. central top-down control
responsiveness and innovation – e.g. decentralized control

36. The Centrifugal Tendencies
responsiveness (bottom-up) to clientele/public/changing circumstances
effectiveness, efficiency
diffused political accountability
ability to answer effectively for actions taken within individual departments
impartiality (vs. political control)
ability to insulate activities from political interference

37. The Centripetal Tendencies
top-down responsiveness
coherence
centralized political accountability
collective cabinet responsibility
political control (vs. impartiality)