1. Ethan Frome by Edith Wharton Background Information

2. Table of Contents: Part I: Biographical Sketch of Edith Wharton
Part II: Historical Context—Victorian Era
Part III: Realism & Naturalism as Literary Movements

3. Part I: Biographical Sketch of Edith Wharton
Born Edith Jones into an upper-class New York City family in 1862
Privately educated by a governesses and tutors, both at home and abroad.
At an early age she displayed a marked interest in writing and literature, a pursuit her socially ambitious mother attempted to discourage.

4. Received a marriage proposal at a young age, but her prospective in-laws ended the engagement because they felt the Jones family was too snobbish.
In 1885, after another broken engagement, Edith married Edward Wharton, an older man whom the Jones family found to be of a suitably lofty social rank.

5. According to Claudia Roth Pierpont of The New Yorker magazine, Wharton’s marriage was “a disaster: intellectually, emotionally, and above all sexually.” She writes that “after what seems to have been one or two attempts at grappling with their mysterious bodies, Teddy and Edith lived together in celibacy for twenty-eight years.” They finally divorced in 1913, when divorce became more socially acceptable.
The temptations of illicit passion constitute an undeniable focus of Wharton’s fiction, and many have pointed to Wharton’s unhappy marriage as an explanation.

6. Wharton was advised by her doctor to take up writing fiction more seriously in order to relieve tension and stress.
Wharton found temporary solace in her surreptitious affair with the journalist Morton Fullerton, which coincided with the collapse of her marriage.
It was in the wake of this affair and her ensuing divorce that Wharton wrote many of her most successful and endearing works.

7. Wharton’s fiction was especially effective at piercing the veil of moral respectability that sometimes masked as integrity among the rich.
In her fiction, conforming to social norms is constantly at odds with a rejection of conformity.
She can be viewed as a critic of moral recklessness who wanted individuals to consider each moral decision on its own terms.

8. Wharton, who in 1924 became the first woman to receive an honorary degree from Yale University, viewed Victorian society with ironic detachment.
She recorded in her writing the suffering of characters caught up in the grip of shifting economic forces and restrictive codes that often encouraged selfish behavior in the name of respectability.

9. Wharton’s first true critical success came with the publication of The House of Mirth in 1905.
Her other novels include The Custom of the Country (1913) and The Age of Innocence (1920), for which she received the Pulitzer Prize in She also wrote several short stories and even a book about decorating houses.

10. Ethan Frome (1911) is one of the few pieces of Wharton’s fiction that does not take place in an urban, upper-class setting.
Interestingly, Wharton based the narrative of the novel on an accident that occurred in Lenox, Massachusetts, where she traveled extensively and had come into contact with one of the victims of the accident.

11. Wharton found the notion of the tragic sledding crash to be irresistible as a potential extended metaphor for the wrongdoings of a secret love affair.
According to Pierpont, Wharton believed this novella “marked her coming-of-age as a craftsman.”

12. Settling in Paris in the early 1910s, she became one of many American expatriates who rejected American society and its contradictions.
She was concerned with the subtle interplay of emotions on a society that censured the free expression of passion.

13. In 1937, after nearly half a century of devotion to the art of fiction, Wharton died in her villa near Paris at the age of seventy-five.
She remains one of America’s most cherished novelists.

14. Quotes by Edith Wharton:
“There are two ways of reflecting light: to be the candle or the mirror that reflects it.”
“True originality consists not in a new manner but in a new vision.”
“The only way not to think about money is to have a great deal of it.”

15. Part II: Historical Context—Victorian Era
In English literature, this was the period covered by the reign of Queen Victoria from
During these years, England experienced the apex of its ascendancy as a world power, having established an empire “on which the sun never set.”
England became the first nation to become truly industrialized, which turned out to be a mixed blessing, creating as it did massive social problems brought about by urban slums and social dissension.

16. Though this era originated in England, its influences were felt in America as well.
In literature, the social upheaval proved grist for the mill of novelists who probed the connections between the individual and his or her rapidly changing society.

17. Distinguished thinkers of this time included Thomas Carlyle, John Stuart Mill, and Charles Darwin.
With the industrialization of America came the development and expansion of railroads and isolated communities became accessible.

18. Urban slums brought a rise in prostitution to an age that was sexually repressed.
Pornography and erotic literature was also burgeoning at this time in history, yet society was outwardly prudish. For example, one could not say “leg” in public!

19. Part III: Realism & Naturalism as Literary Movements
Realism is, in art and literature, a term covering a broad range of views centered on the attempt to depict life as it is usually experienced, without recourse to miraculous events, larger-than-life characters, or supernatural intervention.
In a realistic text, the emphasis is on the way things are for ordinary people, whose behavior and speech mirror their social position and cultural attitudes.

20. In this sense, realism is opposed to romance, which represents life as we would like it to be, or to other anti-realist approaches such as expressionism and impressionism.
A key feature of realist literature is its emphasis on the author’s objectivity.
Another characteristic was the notion of determinism, the view that individual free will is, if not completely illusory, radically limited by cultural, environmental, and historical forces.

21. Naturalism was a late 19th century movement in literature and art that grew out of realism.
The basic effort of naturalism lay in the attempt to produce a scientifically accurate depiction of life even at the cost of representing ugliness and discord.
The motives and behaviors of characters are determined by heredity and environment.
The artist’s task is to reveal the role of these factors in the lives of the characters.

22. Examples of Literature from this Period:
Henry James, The Portrait of a Lady
Mark Twain, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
Edith Wharton, The House of Mirth, The Age of Innocence, The Custom of the Country, Ethan Frome
Kate Chopin, The Awakening
Willa Cather, My Antonia
Stephen Crane, The Red Badge of Courage, Maggie, A Girl of the Streets
Upton Sinclair, The Jungle
Theodore Dreiser, Sister Carrie

23. Source Information:
The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Nina Baym, Ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1998.
Lathbury, Roger. Realism and Regionalism ( ): American literature in its historical, cultural, and social contexts. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 2006.
Quinn, Edward. A Dictionary of Literary and Thematic Terms. New York: Checkmark Books, 1999.