Objectives Overview To differentiate among various styles of system unit on computers To identify chips and other components in motherboard To explain.

Objectives Overview To differentiate among various styles of system unit on computers To identify chips and other components in motherboard To explain component of processor To describe 4 steps basic operations of machine cycle in processor To differentiate types of processor cooling See Page 209 for Detailed Objectives Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4
Learning outcome Student able to differentiate styles of system unit in computers Student able to identify component of motherboard Student able to understand component of processor Student able to describe the basic operations of machine cycle in processor Student able to differentiate types of processor cooling Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

The System Unit What is system unit? How system unit looks like? Page 210 Figure 4-1 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

The System Unit The system unit is a case that contains electronic components of the computer used to process data Variety of shapes and sizes. The case of system unit (chassis) is made of metal or plastic. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

The System Unit All computers and mobile devices have a system unit. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

The System Unit On desktop PC, the electronic components and most storage devices are part of the system unit. Other devices(keyboard, mouse, mic, monitor, pointer, USB flash drive) normally located outside the system unit. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

The System Unit The inside of the system unit on a desktop personal computer includes: Drive bay(s) Power supply Sound card Video card Processor Memory Page 211 Figure 4-2 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Motherboard The motherboard is the main circuit board of the system unit On motherboard, contains a computer chip is a small piece of semiconducting material, usually silicon. Page 212 Figure 4-3 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

The motherboard Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Processor The processor, also called the central processing unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer. Contain operations: Control Unit and Arithmetic Logic Unit. Page 213 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Processor Single chip (microprocessor) contains
Single core- is a single chip with single core Multi-core- is a single chip with 2 or more separate processor core Multi-core Dual-core -is a chip that contains 2 separate processor cores Quad-core- is a chip with 4 separate processor cores Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Processor Each processor core on a multi-core generally runs at slower clock speed than a single core processor, but multi –core processor usually will increase overall performance Although a dual core processor doest not double the processing speed of a single core processor, it can approach those speeds. The performance increase is noticeable when users are running multiple programs simultaneously. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Processor Page 213 Figure 4-4 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

The control unit(CU) The control unit is the component processor that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer The CU has a role much like a traffic cop; it interprets each instruction issued by a program and then initiates the appropriate action to carry out the instruction. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is another of processor, and it performs arithmetic, comparison and other operations. Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Control Unit below Chapter 4 Page 214 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Machine Cycle For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic operations, which comprise a machine cycle Fetching-the process of obtaining a program instruction or data item from memory Decoding- the process of translating the instructions into signal computer can execute Executing- the process of carrying out the commands Storing-means writing the result to memory(not to storage medium) Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Machine Cycle Page 215 Figure 4-5 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Machine Cycle Most current personal computers support pipelining Processor begins fetching a second instruction before it completes the machine cycle for the first instruction Pages 215 – 216 Figure 4-6 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Register & System Clock
The processor contains registers, that temporarily hold data and instructions. The system clock controls the timing of all computer operations The pace of the system clock is called the clock speed, and is measured in gigahertz (GHz) Page 216 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Processor The leading manufacturers of personal computer processor chips are Intel and AMD Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Multi-Core Processors below Chapter 4 Pages 216 – 217 Figure 4-7 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Processor Determine how you plan to use a new computer before selecting a processor Page 218 Figure 4-8 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Processor Cooling Require additional cooling Heat sinks-small ceramic or metal component with fins on its surface that absorbs and disperses heat produced by electrical components such as processor Liquid cooling technology- uses a continuous flow of fluids such water and glycol, in a process that transfer the heated fluid away from the processor to a radiator-type grill which cools the liquid, and then returns the cooled fluid the processor Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Liquid Cooling below Chapter 4 Pages Figures 4-9 – 4-10 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Q & A session Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Summary In this chapter presented the components of system unit, component in motherboard and basic operation of machine cycle in processor. LEARNING OUTCOMES Student able to differentiate styles of system unit in computers Student able to identify component of motherboard Student able to understand component of processor Student able to define the basic operations of machine cycle in processor Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Data Representation Analog signals are continuous and vary in strength and quality Digital signals are in one of two states: on or off Most computers are digital The binary system uses two unique digits (0 and 1) Bits and bytes Page 221 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Data Representation To understand how a computer processes data, you should know how a computer REPRESENTS data. People communicate through speech by combining words into sentences. Human speech is analog because its continuous signal that vary in strength quality. Most computer are digital. This is because computers are electronic devices powered by electricity Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Data Representation 0-off, 1 –on When people count, they use the digits of decimal(0-9) while the computer only recognize 0 & 1. 0 & 1 is called as BIT(binary digit) When bits are grouped together as a unit, they form a byte. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Data Representation A computer circuit represents the 0 or the 1 electronically by the presence or absence of an electrical charge Eight bits grouped together as a unit are called a byte. A byte represents a single character in the computer Page 221 Figures 4-12 – 4-13 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Data Representation ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is the most widely used coding scheme to represent data Page 221 Figure 4-14 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Data Representation Page 222 Figure 4-15 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Memory Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of processing the data Stores three basic categories of items: The operating system and other system software Application programs Data being processed and the resulting information Page 223 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Memory Each location in memory has an address Memory size is measured in kilobytes (KB or K), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), or terabytes (TB) Page 223 Figure 4-17 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Memory Volatile memory Nonvolatile memory
The system unit contains two types of memory: Volatile memory Loses its contents when power is turned off Example includes RAM Nonvolatile memory Does not lose contents when power is removed Examples include ROM, flash memory, and CMOS Pages Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Memory Page 224 Figure 4-18 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

RAM Ram-random access memory Consists of memory chips that can be read from and written to by the processor and other devices When you turn on the computer, certain operating system files(such as the files that determine the Windows desktop appear)load into RAM from hard disk. These file remain in RAM as long as the computer has continuous power. Most of RAM is volatile, which means it loses its contents when power is off. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Memory Three basic types of RAM chips exist: Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
Static RAM (SRAM) Magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM) Page 225 Figure 4-19 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Memory RAM chips usually reside on a memory module and are inserted into memory slots Page 225 Figure 4-20 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Memory The amount of RAM necessary in a computer often depends on the types of software you plan to use Page 226 Figure 4-21 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Memory Memory cache speeds the processes of the computer because it stores frequently used instructions and data Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Windows ReadyBoost below Chapter 4 Page 227 Figure 4-22 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Memory cache Cache speeds up processing time because it stores frequently used instructions and data. When the processor needs an instruction or data, it searches memory in this order –L1cache, then L2 cache, then L3 cache(if exits) Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Memory(ROM) Read only memory(ROM) refers to memory chips storing permanent data and instructions The data on most ROM chips cannot be modified ROM is nonvolatile, which means its contents are not lost when power is removed from the computer Eg. ROM chips in printers contain data for fonts. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Memory Flash memory can be erased electronically and rewritten, nonvolatile CMOS technology provides high speeds and consumes little power Pages 228 – 229 Figure 4-23 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Memory Access time is the amount of time it takes the processor to read from memory Measured in nanoseconds Page 229 Figures 4-24 – 4-25 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards
An expansion slot is a socket on the motherboard that can hold an adapter card An adapter card enhances functions of a component of the system unit and/or provides connections to peripherals Sound card and video card Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Video Cards below Chapter 4 Page 230 Figure 4-26 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

With Plug and Play, the computer automatically can configure adapter cards and other peripherals as you install them Pages 230 – 231 Figure 4-27 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Removable flash memory includes: Memory cards, USB flash drives, and PC Cards/ExpressCard modules Page 231 Figure 4-28 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Ports and Connectors A port is the point at which a peripheral attaches to or communicates with a system unit (sometimes referred to as a jack) A connector joins a cable to a port Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Digital Audio Port below Chapter 4 Page 232 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Ports and Connectors Page 232 Figure 4-29 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Ports and Connectors On a notebook computer, the ports are on the back, front, and/or sides Pages Figure 4-30 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Ports and Connectors Page 233 Figure 4-31 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Ports and Connectors A USB port can connect up to 127 different peripherals together with a single connector You can attach multiple peripherals using a single USB port with a USB hub Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click USB Ports below Chapter 4 Page 234 Figure 4-32 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Ports and Connectors Other types of ports include: Firewire port Bluetooth port SCSI port eSATA port IrDA port Serial port MIDI port Pages Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Ports and Connectors A Bluetooth wireless port adapter converts a USB port into a Bluetooth port A smart phone might communicate with a notebook computer using an IrDA port Page 235 Figures 4-33 – 4-34 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Bays A bay is an opening inside the system unit in which you can install additional equipment A drive bay typically holds disk drives Page 238 Figure 4-37 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Ports and Connectors A port replicator is an external device that provides connections to peripherals through ports built into the device A docking station is an external device that attaches to a mobile computer or device Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Docking Station below Chapter 4 Page 236 Figure 4-35 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Buses A bus allows the various devices both inside and attached to the system unit to communicate with each other Data bus Address bus Word size is the number of bits the processor can interpret and execute at a given time Page 237 Figure 4-36 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Buses Expansion slots connect to expansion buses
Common types of expansion buses include: PCI bus PCI Express bus Accelerated Graphics Port USB and FireWire bus PC Card bus Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click FireWire below Chapter 4 Page 238 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Power Supply The power supply converts the wall outlet AC power into DC power Some external peripherals have an AC adapter, which is an external power supply Page 239 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Putting It All Together
Home Intel Core 2 Duo or Intel Celeron Dual Core or AMD Sempron Minimum RAM: 2 GB Small Office/ Home Office Intel Core 2 Quad or Intel Core 2 Extreme or AMD Athlon FX or AMD Athlon X2 Dual-Code Minimum RAM: 4 GB Mobile Intel Core 2 Extreme or AMD Turion X2 Page 239 Figure 4-38 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Putting It All Together
Power Intel Itanium 2 or AMD Quad Core Opteron or Intel Quad Core Xeon or Sun UltraSPARC T2 Minimum RAM: 8 GB Enterprise Intel Core 2 Quad or Intel Core 2 Extreme or AMD Athlon FX or AMD Athlon X2 Dual-Core Minimum RAM: 4 GB Page 239 Figure 4-38 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Keeping Your Computer or Mobile Device Clean
Clean your computer or mobile device once or twice a year Turn off and unplug your computer or mobile device before cleaning it Use compressed air to blow away dust Use an antistatic wipe to clean the exterior of the case and a cleaning solution and soft cloth to clean the screen Page 240 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Video: The Leopard with a Time Machine
CLICK TO START Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Summary Components of the system unit How memory stores data, instructions, and information Sequence of operations that occur when a computer executes an instruction Comparison of various personal computer processors on the market today How to clean the exterior and interior of a system unit Page 241 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Chapter 4 Complete

Objectives Overview To differentiate among various styles of system unit on computers To identify chips and other components in motherboard To explain.

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Objectives Overview To differentiate among various styles of system unit on computers To identify chips and other components in motherboard To explain.

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