1. Socialization

2. Politics The struggle to make decisions for the larger group
Public policy: gov’t plan of action to achieve outcomes
Free rider problem public goods
National resources for national problems (war, RxR, etc.)
Requires extraction of resources, organization, leadership, adjudication
Taxation, eminent domain, draft, theft; bureaucracy; coordination btwn diff levels/branches gov’t
Feedback loop between and among political actors: executive, legislative, bureaucracy, citizens, non-governmental organizations (NGOS), civil society, political parties, int’l organizations, etc.
Word Trade Organization (GATT), International Monetary Fund (IMF), UN, EU

3. Political Parties: PAN, PRI, PRD
State and Local Gov’ts
Corporations
and Bureaucracy

4. Capacity + Autonomy
Capacity: ability state wield power to carry out policy, reconcile freedom + equality
Autonomy: ability state wield power independently of public
HC + HA: dictatorships/totalitarian (Iran, China, Russia)
HC + LA: advanced democracy (US, B, M)
LC + HA: ineffectual dictatorship (North Korea)
LC + LA: failing state (Nigeria)

5. Identity
Ethnicity: attributes/history/institutions that make one group culturally diff. from others
Ascriptive (assigned at birth); not inherently political
National identity: an institution binds nation (vs. country/state) w/common poli’l aspirations, esp. self-government + sovereignty
Independence movements: nation w/in other country (e.g. Nigeria w/in British empire; South w/in United States; Chechnya w/in Russia (Putin’s power); Kurdistan w/in Iraq/Iran/Turkey)
Inherently political; often derived from ethnicity
Nationalism: pride in one’s people + belief have unique political destiny
Citizenship: individual relationship to state allegiance in return for benefits/rights; purely political: more easily changed
Patriotism: pride in one’s state (derived from citizenship)

6. Cleavages
Reinforcing/coinciding: overlapping divisions, reinforce each other (e.g. Jim Crow South/ apartheid South Africa: race and class) agreement/compromise more difficult + social instability
Cross-cutting: cut across each other (e.g. race and gender) producing diff. divisions over diff. issues (groups divided internally) “bridges” for compromise + more social stability

7. Ethnic Conflict
Struggle btwn ethnic groups for pol’l/econ ends at cost of others w/in nation/state
i.e. factions
National conflict: desire for sovereignty
Northern Ireland, Kurdistan, Chechnya
Top-down view: Generated by elites; can be stopped by leaders; outside force effective
Bottom-up: Generated by long-standing group friction; must “burn itself out”; outside force ineffective
Darfur?
Iraqi Sunni-Shi’ite-Kurds?

8. Political Culture
Basic norms for political activity; determining factor what ideologies dominate; unique; distinct from pol’l attitudes/ideologies
i.e. basis for regime
Attitudes (means): radical/reactionary; reformers: liberal, conservative
Ideologies (ends): Liberalism (Euro), communism, social democracy, fascism, anarchism
Totalitarianism/fundamentalism