1. Chapter 11: North and The South Take Different Paths
Lowell Girls
Francis Cabot
Lowell
Samuel
Slater
Erie Canal
Chapter 11: North and The South Take Different Paths
Why did Americans take different paths in the early 1800’s?
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2. Section 1: The Industrial Revolution
John Deere
Section 1: The Industrial Revolution
How did the new technology of the Industrial Revolution change the way Americans lived?

3. A Revolution in Technology
Late 1700’s early 1800’s Industrial Revolution begins
It begins in Britain
Industrial Revolution: Machines take the place of many hand tools. Much of the power provided previously by horses and people begins to be provided by machines.

4. Industrial Revolution Cont.
War of 1812 forces the US into The Industrial Revolution
In Britain Richard Arkwright invents the water frame, a spinning machine powered by running water
His invention helps speed up the weaving process
Factories are built on the banks of fast moving rivers

5. Industrial Revolution
The water run machines build into what is known as The factory System- workers and machines brought together in one place
Capitalists: people who invest capital (money) in a business to make a profit

6. Steam Power
Richard Arkwright soon found that having factories on river banks had disadvantages
When river banks dried up so did the working factory
Most factories were far from cities making it hard for workers to get to and from them

7. Steam Power
1790 Arkwright builds the first steam powered factory in England
This helped build up cities
Now factories could be built anywhere, they did not have to be just by the water

8. American Industrial Revolution
1789 Samuel Slater becomes an apprentice to Arkwright
Samuel Slater was the father of the Factory System in America
Samuel Slater memorized the parts and blue prints to recreate the factories in America
Slater got monetary backing from Moses Brown (Pawtucket, RI)

9. American Industry Grows
Slater came to America in the 1790’s.
The Industrial Revolution did not grow in America until the War of 1812 when the British blockaded US ports
Lowell MA- Francis Cabot Lowell starts a factory after he returns from visiting England
Lowell Mills in Waltham, MA

10. Industrial Revolution-Gradually, machines took the place of many hand tools.
Much of the power once provided by people and horses began to be replaced, first by flowing water and then by steam engines.

11. Spinning Jenny- speeded up the thread making process
Factory system- brings workers and machinery together in one place
capitalists- people who invest capital or money in a business to earn a profit

12. steam engine- reliable source of power,
factories no longer had to be built on riverbanks,
use the energy created by boiling water to push rods and wheels

13. Samuel Slater-memorized the plans of machines, constructed spinning machine entirely from memory

14. Francis Cabot Lowell- opened mills in Massachusetts for spinning and weaving
Lowell Girls-worked in factories, lived in boarding houses and received an education

15. mass production-rapid manufacture of large numbers of identical objects
interchangeable parts - identical pieces that could be assembled quickly by unskilled workers,
manufacturing became more efficient, the price of goods dropped

16. factory life (ages and conditions)- employed children as young as 7,
working conditions became harsher,
unsafe conditions,
poorly lit,
little fresh air,
many workers were injured,
workdays lasted hours

17. Lowell Mills: “Lowell Girls”
Lowell created a factory that used Steam Power
Lowell mills spinning and weaving were done in one building, whereas in Britain there was a factory for spinning and one for weaving
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18. Child Labor Children began working in the factories
Paid less than adults
Worked long hours
No schooling
Could not go out and play
Lots of responsibility
Got injured easily

19. Eli Whitney Whitney invented Interchangeable parts
Interchangeable parts- identical pieces that could be assembled quickly by unskilled workers
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20. Section 2: The North Transformed
Cyrus McCormick
John Deere
Samuel F.B. Morse
Elias Howe
Section 2: The North Transformed
How did urbanization, technology, and social change affect the north?
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21. Northern Cities 1790 NYC Pop. 33,000
New York was still much smaller than an average city in Europe
Cities soon grow because of the building of factories and the Industrial Revolution
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22. Growth of Cities
Urbanization (growth of cities due to movement of people from rural areas to cities)
Agricultural workers become attracted to working in the factories once it becomes too hard and not profitable to farm in the Northeast
Immigrants start coming from Germany and Ireland and cities soon become crowded

23. Urban Problems Filthy Streets Sewage Problems Spreading of Diseases
Poor Drinking Water
Overcrowded living conditions
Fires/not safe living conditions
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24. The Growth of Northern Industry
Samuel F. B. Morse
Telegraph
Cyrus McCormick
Mechanical Reaper
John Deere
Steel Plow
Robert Fulton
Steam Boat
The Clermont
Elias Howe
Sewing Machine

25. A New Wave of Immigrants
By the 1840’s U.S population was growing rapidly
Most immigrants were coming from western Europe
Germany- because of Revolution
Ireland- because of a Potato Famine

26. Reaction Against Immigrants
Americans were worried about the growing foreign population
Nativists- people who wanted to preserve the country for white, American born Protestants
Nativists especially opposed Irish immigrants because many of them were Catholics
Nativists Start the “Know-Nothing” Party
Know-Nothing Party ends over the issue of slavery

27. African Americans in the North
Even more than Immigrants, A-A are discriminated in the North
Discrimination- the denial of equal rights or equal treatment to certain groups of people
By early 1800’s slavery was over in the North
A-A still could not get jobs, vote, or own land, learn to read or write
It was also difficult for them to get jobs

28. Section 3: The Plantation South
How did cotton effect the Social and economic life in the South?

29. “The Cotton Kingdom” South remains RURAL **COTTON, COTTON, COTTON**
2 Events Really shape why the South remains focused, fixated, obsessed with cotton
1. Industrial Revolution creates a large demand for cotton
2. ELI Whitney’s invention The Cotton Gin

30. Slave Auctions
Many times masters would sell off family members as a form of discipline
To grow more cotton you need more slaves
The Invention of the cotton gin allowed the plantation owners to grow more cotton
,000 slaves
,000,000 slaves
Prices of slaves increase 10 or 20 Times

31. Slave Labor
Cotton becomes the GREATEST source of wealth in the United States
Planters grown 1 and a half MILLION pounds of cotton in 1790.
In 1820 they grow 10 TIMES that amount
Cotton Kingdom extends from Georgia through Texas

32. Southerners Defend Slavery
Most Southern Whites defended slavery
They used pieces from the bible saying that it was their right to lead the blacks in the right path
Northern Manufacturers also wanted slavery to exist
Plantation owners also defended slavery by saying that it was more humane than the laborers who worked in the factories

33. Social Class System “Cottonocracy” Owned 5 or more slaves 8%
Owned 1-4 Slaves 8%
50% of Whites
OWNED NO SLAVES
Poor White farmers
Free A-A 2%
32% Enslaved
African Americans

35. The Plantation South
Free African Americans had laws against them, they could not go to school, vote, serve on juries or testify in court
Freedmen were often captured and sold into slavery
The laws against the slaves were called slave codes
Some slaves had skilled jobs, most did heavy farm labor
they were often whipped
Families were broken apart because they were sold

36. The Plantation South
Although the import of slavery was illegal by 1808, slaves still kept African customs, music and dances
Turner Revolt was led by Nat Turner and said that he had a vision to kill whites
He and other killed about 60

38. The Challenges of Growth Section 4 How did Americans move west, and how did this intensify the debate over slavery?

39. Moving West
1750’s The Scotch-Irish and the Germans of Pennsylvania began settling west, toward the Appalachian Mountains
Daniel Boone- Famous Pioneer Boone and 30 men cleared a road to the west, “The Wilderness Road.”
Due to immigrants moving to the west, between 1792 to 1819 eight states joined the Union: Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Louisiana, Indiana, Mississippi, Illinois, and Alabama.

40. Roads and Turnpikes Early roads began as paths for animals.
Private companies built turnpikes, or toll roads. Travelers would stop and pay at stations in order to pass.
1795- A private company builds a turnpike between Lancaster and Philadelphia, called The Lancaster Turnpike, the first long distance stone road in the United States.
Corduroy roads- Roads made of sawed off logs, laid side by side.
The National Road- The first federally funded road, built from 1811 to 1850, stretched from Maryland to Virginia to Illinois.

41. Canals Canal- A channel that is dug across land and filled with water.
Canals were the fastest and cheapest way to ship goods.

42. The Extension of Slavery
1819- The US consisted of 11 “free states” and 11 “slave states.” Missouri, a new state wanted to be admitted as a slave state, but would throw off the balance.
In 1819 it was proposed that Missouri would be admitted as a slave state, but would be the last slave state to be admitted.
The bill passed in the House of Representatives but failed in congress due to southern senators fear of the end of slavery.

43. The Missouri Compromise
1820- Missouri was admitted as a slave state, Maine was admitted as a free state, keeping the balance. The compromise also stated that the territory of Louisiana would be free of slavery. Escaped slaves could be captured in free states and brought back to slave states.

45. A Continuing Problem
South vs. North- The Missouri Compromise was supposed to balance the interests of the north and south. Southerners were upset that congress had given itself the power to make laws about slavery. Northerners were upset that slavery had spread to another state.