1. The Organization of the Nervous System
The central and peripheral nervous systems
The Organization of the Nervous System
Drugs will affect any part of this system, so you need to know all of them and basic idea of what they do
Central nervous system is one that you will most familiar with – brain and spinal cord (blue)
Peripheral nervous system – all other nerves, ones outside of CNS (red) 1

2. Basic nerve cell structure

3. 3 main types of nerve cells
sensory neurone
relay neurone
motor neurone

4. Sensory neurons
Carries impulses from receptors e.g pain receptors in skin to the CNS( brain or spinal cord)

5. Relay neuron
Carries impulses from sensory nerves to motor nerves.

6. Motor neuron
Carries impulses from CNS to effector muscle to bring about movement or gland to bring about secretion of a hormone

7. The Nervous System Major division - Central vs. Peripheral
Central or CNS- brain and spinal cord
Peripheral- nerves connecting CNS to muscles and organs

8. Peripheral Nervous System
3 kinds of neurons connect CNS to the body
sensory
motor
interneurons
Motor - CNS to muscles and organs
Sensory - sensory receptors to CNS
Interneurons: Connections Within CNS
Spinal
Cord
Brain
Nerves
key words: peripheral nervous system

9. Peripheral Nervous Systemk e l t a ( o m i c ) y p h P r s A u n N v
key words: peripheral nervous system; skeletal nervous system; somatic nervous system; autonomic nervous system; sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system

10. Somatic System Nerves to/from spinal cord
control muscle movements
somatosensory inputs
Both Voluntary and reflex movements
Skeletal Reflexes
Patellar tendon reflex
Muscle
Motor
Neuron
Interneuron
Skin receptors
Sensory
Brain

11. The Somatic nervous system
The major peripheral nerves

12. Autonomic System Two divisions: Control involuntary functions
sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Control involuntary functions
heartbeat
blood pressure
respiration
perspiration
digestion
Can be influenced by thought and emotion

13. Sympathetic “ Fight or flight” response
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Brain
Spinal
cord
SYMPATHETIC
Dilates pupil
Stimulates salivation
Relaxes bronchi
Accelerates heartbeat
Inhibits activity
Stimulates glucose
Secretion of adrenaline,
nonadrenaline
Relaxes bladder
Stimulates ejaculation
in male
Sympathetic
ganglia
Salivary
glands
Lungs
Heart
Stomach
Pancreas
Liver
Adrenal
gland
Kidney
“ Fight or flight” response
Release adrenaline and noradrenaline
Increases heart rate and blood pressure
Increases blood flow to skeletal muscles
Inhibits digestive functions
keywords: sympathetic nervous system; fighlt or flight response

14. Parasympathetic “ Rest and digest ” system
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Brain
PARASYMPATHETIC
Spinal
cord
Stimulates salivation
Constricts bronchi
Slows heartbeat
Stimulates activity
Contracts bladder
Stimulates erection
of sex organs
Stimulates gallbladder
Gallbladder
Contracts pupil
“ Rest and digest ” system
Calms body to conserve and maintain energy
Lowers heartbeat, breathing rate, blood pressure
key words: parasympathetic nervous system; rest and digest system

15. Summary of autonomic differences
Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal
Sympathetic
division (arousing)
Parasympathetic
division (calming)
Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract
Decreases SALVATION Increases
Perspires SKIN Dries
Increases RESPERATION Decreases
Accelerates HEART Slows
Inhibits DIGESTION Activates
Secrete stress
hormones
ADRENAL
GLANDS
Decrease secretion
of stress hormones
key words: sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system

16. Central Nervous System
Spinal
Cord
Brain
Brain and Spinal Cord
key words: central nervous system; brain; spinal cord

18. Brain has 2 Hemispheres Left & Right sides are separate
Corpus Callosum : major pathway between hemispheres
Some functions are ‘lateralized’
language on left
music on right
Lateralization is never 100%
Left
Hemisphere
Corpus Callosum
Right
key words: left hemisphere; right hemisphere

19. Each hemisphere is divided into 4 lobes
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
key words: cerebral cortex; lobes; frontal; parietal; temporal; occipital

20. Sensory Information sent to opposite hemisphere
Left visual
field
Right visual
Optic
nerves
Corpus
Callosum
Left Visual
Cortex
Right Visual
Principle is Contralateral Organization
Sensory data crosses over in pathways leading to the cortex
Visual Crossover
left visual field to right hemisphere
right field to left
Other senses similar
key words: left hemisphere; right hemisphere; visual infomation; touch information

21. Contralateral Motor Control
Movements controled by motor area
Right hemisphere controls left side of body
Left hemisphere controls right side
Motor nerves cross sides in spinal cord
Somatosensory Cortex
Motor Cortex

22. Corpus Callosum Major ( but not only) pathway between sides
Connects comparable structures on each side
Permits data received on one side to be processed in both hemispheres
Aids motor coordination of left and right side
Corpus Callosum
Medial surface of right hemisphere
Example : You read a geometry problem in a textbook. The words are seen and the visual forms translated into meaning by the language center in the left hemisphere. To solve the problem you have to imagine a cone shaped object. This is accomplished by centers in the right hemisphere. The solution is written down using language generated by the left hemisphere.
What would happen in cases like this if the callosum was damaged ?

23. Occipital Lobe Input from Optic nerve Contains primary visual cortex
most is on surface inside central fissure
Outputs to parietal and temporal lobes
Occipital
Lobe
Visual
Lobe

24. Parietal Lobe Inputs from multiple senses
Somatosensory
Cortex
contains primary somatosensory cortex
borders visual & auditory cortex
Outputs to Frontal lobe
hand-eye coordination
eye movements
attention

25. Temporal Lobe Contains primary auditory cortex
Inputs are auditory, visual patterns
speech recognition
face recognition
word recognition
memory formation
Outputs to limbic System, basal Ganglia, and brainstem
Temporal
Lobe

26. Non-dominant Side Functions (usually the right) Perception of melodies
Dominant Side (usually the left)
Perception of words
Process language related sounds
Sequential analysis
Increased blood flow during speech perception
Process details, individual units
Intermediate term memory
Long term memory
Auditory learning
Retrieval of words
Complex memories
Visual and auditory processing
Dominant Temporal Lobe (usually left) Problems
Decreased verbal memory (words, lists, stories)
Difficulty placing words or pictures into discreet categories
Trouble understanding the context of words
Aggression, internally or externally driven
Dark or violent thoughts
Sensitivity to slights, mild paranoia
Word finding problems
Auditory processing problems
Reading difficulties
Emotional instability
Non-dominant Side Functions (usually the right)
Perception of melodies
Pitch/prosody
Social cues
Reading facial expression
Increased blood flow during tonal memory
Decoding vocal intonation
Rhythm
Visual learning
Non-dominant Temporal Lobe (usually right) Problems
Difficulty recognizing facial expression
Difficulty decoding vocal intonation
Implicated in social skill struggles
Trouble processing music
Decreased social cues/context
Poor visual imagery
Decreased selective attention to visual input
Decreased recall of nonverbal items – shapes, faces, tunes

27. Frontal Lobe Contains primary motor cortex No direct sensory input
Working
Memory
Motor
Cortex
Broca’s
Area
Contains primary motor cortex
No direct sensory input
Important planning and sequencing areas
Broca’s area for speech
key words: cerebral cortex; lobes; frontal; motor functions
Frontal lobe is not directly involved in sensation or perception. Its functions are related to motor action (behavior). The motor cortex is the start of nerves that run through the spinal cord to the muscles.
Broca’s area organizes sequences of speech movements. Damage leads to productive aphasia
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex is important in working memory. WM is short term memory for information needed to maintain a context, to prepare for the next step in a sequence of thought, and /or to inhibit irrelevant responses
The wisconsin card sorting task illustrates the importance of working memory in maintaining context and inhibiting irrelevant responses
Prefrontal area for working memory

28. Problems of the PFC (executive dyscontrol) short attention span
distractibility
lack of perseverance
impulse control problems
hyperactivity
chronic lateness, poor time management
poor organization and planning
procrastination
unavailability of emotions
misperceptions
poor judgement
trouble learning from experience
short term memory problems
social and test anxiety
lying
Frontal lobe injury – problems with:
Planning         
Time
Persistence
Diligence
Inhibiting behavior
Controlled by external clues
Distracted easily
Functions of the PFC (executive control)
attention span
perseverance
planning
judgment
impulse control
organization
self-monitoring and supervision
problem solving
critical thinking
forward thinking
learning from experience and mistakes
ability to feel and express emotions
influences the limbic system
empathy
internal supervision

29. Each hemisphere is divided into 4 lobes
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
key words: cerebral cortex; lobes; frontal; parietal; temporal; occipital

31. Diencephalon Hypothalmus Section between the cerebrum and midbrain
Contains 2 structures
Thalamus – acts as a relay center and directs sensory impulses to the cerebrum
Hypothalamus – regulates and control the autonomic nervous system, temperature, appetite, water balance, sleep, etc. Also involved in emotions such as fear, anger, pleasure, pain and affection
Hypothalmus

32. Mid Brain Midbrain Below the cerebrum and top of the brain stem
Responsible for conducting impulses between brain parts and certain eye and auditory reflexes

33. Cerebellum Below cerebrum Responsible for Cerebellum
muscle coordination,
balance and posture,
muscle tone

34. Pons
Below the midbrain and in the brain stem
Responsible for conducting messages to other parts of the brain, chewing, tasting, saliva production and assists with breathing

35. Medulla oblongata Lowest part of the brain stem
Connects with the spinal cord and is responsible for breathing, heartbeat, swallowing, coughing and blood pressure

36. Spinal cord Continues down from the medulla oblongata
Ends at the first or second lumbar vertebrae
Surrounded and protected by vertebrae
Responsible for many reflex actions and carrying afferent and efferent nerves