1. Culture and Society in the Age of the Scientific Revolution
Chapter 16

2. I. Scientific Advance from Copernicus to Newton
A. Origins of the Scientific Revolution
1. The Importance of Antiquity
Aristotle, Ptolemy, and Galen
“Natural philosophers”
2. The Influence of “Magical” Beliefs
Paracelsus
Neoplatonism
Cabala

3. I. Scientific Advances from Copernicus to Newton
A. Origins of the Scientific Revolution
3. Observations, Experiments, and Instruments
Telescope
Vacuum pump
Thermometer
Barometer
Microscope

4. I. Scientific Advances from Copernicus to Newton
B. The Breakthroughs
1. Vesalius
2. Copernicus
Heliocentric theory
Gregorian calendar
3. Theories in Conflict
Tycho Brahe

7. I. Scientific Advances from Copernicus to Newton
C. Kepler and Galileo Address the Uncertainties
1. Kepler and the Laws of Planetary Motion
Confirms heliocentric theory
2. Galileo and a New Physics
Observation
Telescope
Inertia

8. I. Scientific Advances from Copernicus to Newton
C. Kepler and Galileo Address the Uncertainties
3. A New Astronomy
4. Conflict with the Church
5. The Book and the Trial
Galileo’s Dialogue on the Two Great World Systems
6. Galileo’s Legacy
7. Assurance Spreads

9. I. Scientific Advances from Copernicus to Newton
D. The Climax of the Scientific Revolution: Isaac Newton
Calculus
United physics and astronomy
1. The Principia
Three laws of motion
Gravity
2. The Influence of Newton
Mechanical view of the universe

10. II. The Effects of the Discoveries
A. A New Epistemology
1. Scientific Method
Hypothesis
Observation
Generalization
Test generalization by experiments/observation

11. II. The Effects of the Discoveries
B. The Wider Influence of Scientific Thought
C. Bacon and Descartes
1. Bacon’s Vision of Science
New Atlantis
2. Descartes and the Principle of Doubt
3. The Discourse on Method
4. The Influence of Descartes
Mechanism
Analytic geometry

12. II. The Effects of the Discoveries
D. Pascal’s Protest Against the New Science
1. The Pensées
E. Science Institutionalized
Martin Mersenne
1. The Royal Society
2. Other Scientific Societies
French Royal Academy of Sciences
3. The Wider Appeal of Science

13. III. The Arts and Literature
A. Unsettling Art
1. Mannerism
Artificial and esoteric images
2. El Greco

14. III. The Arts and Literature
B. Unsettling Writers
1. Michel de Montaigne
Essays
Skepticism
2. Neostoicism
Justus Lipsius
3. Cervantes
Don Quixote

15. III. The Arts and Literature
B. Unsettling Writers
4. Shakespeare
Richard II
King Lear
Hamlet
Othello
Macbeth

16. III. The Arts and Literature
C. The Return of Assurance in the Arts
1. The Baroque
2. Caravaggio
3. Rubens
4. Velázquez
5. Bernini

17. III. The Arts and Literature
C. The Return of Assurance in the Arts
6. New Dimensions in Music
Keyboard
Stringed instruments
Opera
Claudio Monteverdi
Orfeo

18. Map Centers of Music,

19. III. The Arts and Literature
D. Stability and Restraint in the Arts
1. Classicism
2. Poussin
3. The Dutch Style
4. Rembrandt
Portraiture

20. III. The Arts and Literature
D. Stability and Restraint in the Arts
5. Classicism in Drama
Unity of place
Unity of time
Unity of action
6. Corneille
Le Cid
Jean Racine

21. IV. Social Patterns and Popular Culture
A. Population Trends
B. Social Status
Wealth
Education
Family background
“New aristocracy”
1. Contradictions in the Status of Women

22. IV. Social Patterns and Popular Culture
C. Mobility and Crime
1. The Peasants’ Plight
“Seigneurial reaction”
2. Crime and Punishment
Constables

23. IV. Social Patterns and Popular Culture
D. Changes in the Villages and Cities
1. Loss of Village Cohesiveness
2. Forces of Change
Economics
Demography
Royal officials
3. City Life

24. Map 16.3 The Growth Of Cities, 1500-1800

25. IV. Social Patterns and Popular Culture
D. Changes in the Villages and Cities
4. Popular Culture in the City
Increased literacy
Newspapers
Coffeehouses

26. Map 16.1 Speed of News Traveling to Venice in 1500 and 1700

27. IV. Social Patterns and Popular Culture
E. Belief in Magic and Rituals
1. Charivari
2. Other Magical Remedies
3. Witches and Witch-Hunts

28. IV. Social Patterns and Popular Culture
F. Forces of Restraint
1. Religious Discipline
Shabtai Zvi