1. Prokaryotes

2. Characteristics of prokaryotes?
Singular, circular loop of DNA
Small
No membrane-bound organelles
Cell wall
Binary fission for reproduction (asexual)

4. Gram Staining Bacteria have peptidoglycan in cell walls
Some have more, some have less with lipid covering
Gram staining
Gram positive & gram negative

8. Movement Not all bacteria move but if they do they usually use
Flagella
Slime

9. Bacteria can cause disease
Strep throat
Tuberculosis
Tetanus
Lyme Disease
Dental cavities
Diphtheria – from contaminated water
The Bubonic Plague – transmitted from fleas
STDs such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis
Food Poisoning (E. coli)

10. Oxygen Metabolism Obligate aerobes Obligate anaerobes
Facultative anaerobes

11. Nitrogen Metabolism Why is it important?
Some bacteria can convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3)
“Nitrogen Fixation”
Heterocysts – cells that carry out nitrogen fixation

12. Reproduction
Binary fission

13. Genetic Diversity in Prokaryotes
Fast reproduction rate
Mutations
Genetic Recombination
Transformation- uptake of foreign DNA from surroundings
Transduction- viruses introduce new DNA
Conjugation- DNA transferred between two prokaryotic cells

14. Importance of Bacteria
They change “FIX” NITROGEN from the air so organisms can use it
Recycle nutrients (oxygen) and decompose
Food: Swiss cheese, pickles, yogurt, vinegar, sauerkraut
Symbiotic relationships
Research, medicine, bioremediation

15. Pathogenic Bacteria
Disease caused by poisons
Endotoxins
Exotoxins