1. Global Encounters

2. Early Motivation The Silk Road
Islam & the Spice Trade  Malacca (Malaysia)
A New Player  Europe
Nicolo, Maffeo, & Marco Polo, 1271
Expansion becomes a state enterprise  monarchs had the authority & the resources.
Better seaworthy ships.

3. The Voyage of Marco Polo
Traveled from

4. The Silk Road was a long lasting network of trade routes that for centuries were responsible for cultural interaction from China all throughout Asia and connecting the East and West to the Mediterranean Sea.
*As early as 100 BCE through ~1500 CE

5. The Known World (1492)

6. Motives for European Exploration
Crusades  bypass intermediaries to get to Asia
Renaissance  curiosity about other lands/peoples
Reformation  refugees & missionaries
Leaders (Monarchs) seeking new sources of revenue
Technological advances
Fame and fortune.

7. New Maritime Technology Measure a ship’s latitude
Hartman Astrolabe (1532)
Measure a ship’s latitude
Better Maps
Mariner’s Compass
Sextant

8. New Weapons and Ships

9. Portuguese Exploration
Support by Prince Henry the Navigator
-Portuguese explore west coast of Africa.
-Bartolomeo Dias, 1487.
-Vasco da Gama, 1498.
-Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511)

10. Christopher Columbus

11. The Voyages of Columbus

13. Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of World: Early 16c

14. Finding a “Northwest Passage”
Atlantic Exploration
Finding a “Northwest Passage”
Looking for
“El Dorado”

15. The Spanish Conquests The West Indies - ~1500
Columbus (and others)
The Aztec Empire (Mexico)
Hernan Cortes
The Incan Empire (Peru)
Francisco Pizarro

16. Spanish Conquest – the Aztecs
VS.
Hernan Cortes
Montezuma II

17. Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

18. Spanish Conquest – the Incas
Francisco Pizarro
vs.
Atahualpa

19. The Columbian Exchange
Squash
Avocado
Peppers
Sweet Potatoes
Turkey
Pumpkin
Tobacco
Quinine
Cocoa
Pineapple
Cassava
POTATO
Peanut
TOMATO
Vanilla
MAIZE
Syphilis
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Olive
COFFEE BEAN
Banana
Rice
Onion
Turnip
Honeybee
Barley
Grape
Peach
SUGAR CANE
Oats
Citrus Fruits
Pear
Wheat
HORSE
Cattle
Sheep
Pigs
Smallpox
Flu
Typhus
Measles
Malaria
Diptheria
Whooping Cough

20. Treasure from the Americas

21. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

22. The Slave Trade
1. Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans.
2. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans.
-Sugar cane & sugar plantations.
-First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.
-275,000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries.
3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

23. European Empires in the Americas

24. The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattos
Native Indians
Black Slaves

25. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

26. New Colonial Rivals
1. Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.
2. Spain in Asia  consolidated its holdings in the Philippines.
3. First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.
4. Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

27. New Colonial Rivals

28. Impact of European Expansion
1. Native populations ravaged by disease.
2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.
“Price Revolution”
3. New products introduced across the continents Columbian Exchange
4. Deepened colonial rivalries.

29. New Patterns of World Trade