1. Chapter 1: Knowing the Ocean World

2. Knowing the Ocean World Vocabulary:
Aqua
Marine science
Cartographer
Ocean
Celestial navigation
Oceanography
Chart
Oceanus
Chronometer
Science
Compass
Scientific method
Echo sounder
Sea power
Experiment
SEASTAR
Global Positioning System
Sounding
Hypothesis
Theory
Latitude
TOPEX/Poseidon
Law
Voyaging
Library of Alexandria
World ocean
Longitude

3. I. Science and the Story of the Ocean
--Science uses the scientific method (a systematic way of asking and answering questions about the natural world), observations, and experiments.

4. --Curiosity about the ocean led to travel, trade, warfare, and finding
food more easily. The search for
knowledge came later.

5. II. An Ocean World
--Ocean-the vast body of saline water that occupies the depressions of Earth’s surface.

6. --4% of humanity’s food, 1/3 of all fossil fuels come from the ocean

7. --Nearly 3 billion people live within 150 miles of ocean

8. --Terms ocean and seas used for human convenience, there is really only one world ocean (covers 70.78% of Earth’s surface)

9. --Ocean facts: covers 361 million square km (139 mil sq.mi.),
avg. depth is 3,796 m (12,451 ft), seawater vol billion km3(329 mi3),
avg. temp. 3.9°C (39°F)
--the average depth of the ocean is much greater than the average height of the continents above sea level.

10. --Of all water on Earth, only 2
--Of all water on Earth, only 2.5% is fresh, and of the freshwater, only 30% is free to use (the rest is frozen).

11. --Lakes and rivers only make up less than 0.1% of
all water on
the planet.

13. III. Marine Science, Oceanography, and the Nature of Science
--Marine Science (the process of discovering unifying principles in data obtained from the ocean, its associated life-forms, and the bordering lands); also called oceanography.

15. --Integrates the 3 main sciences:
Life Science, Earth Science, Physical Science

16. --Using the scientific method, hypothesis becomes theory through much experimentation and observation, data is collected, and the best possible explanations are applied
to new questions.

18. IV. Early Voyaging and Discovery
--The fact that early explorers met “natives” everywhere they went, shows that the ocean did not slow the spread of man from early evolutionary times.

19. --Cretans were the first to use water travel as a means of commerce
(1200 BC) in the Mediterranean

20. --Greeks moved into open ocean around BC, thought it was a big river (okeanos), didn’t sail out of sight of land

21. --800 BC, first cartographers (chart makers) map ocean routes

22. --Charts = ocean, maps = land

23. --Used stars and sun position for navigation

24. V. Science for Voyaging
--Library of Alexandria founded third century BC by Alexander the Great

25. --Greatest storehouse of ancient knowledge

26. --Docked ships turned over any scrolls or books to be copied, originals were kept in the library

27. a. Alexandrian Contributions
--Around 200 BC, Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the Earth to within 8% using angles of sunlight at noon on the longest day of the year.

29. --Pythagoras hypothesized that the Earth was round in the 6th century.

30. --library was first real university

31. --researchers shared information and came up with celestial navigation (finding your position on Earth by stars, planets, the moon, and the sun)

32. --charts were kept and updated in the library until its destruction

33. --latitude and longitude were
invented by Eratosthenes

34. b. Latitude and Longitude
--Hipparchus perfected latitude and longitude by dividing into 360°

35. --Ptolemy divided the degrees into minutes and seconds

36. --Latitude =
horizontal,
longitude =
vertical

37. --lat 0 at equator, goes up 30, 60,
90 north and 30, 60, 90 south

38. --longitude 0 originally at Alexandria, later moved to Greenwich, England
because the British were known for
excellent sailing prowess and
impeccable timekeeping

39. --longitude moves east from 0 up to 180 and west from 0 up to 180

40. c. Voyages of the Oceanian Peoples
--Polynesians colonized 10,000 Pacific Islands starting 30,000 years ago.

41. --Main islands colonized by 800 BC

42. --Between 300 and 600 AD, Polynesian people spread out from the main islands to nearly every inhabitable island in the 10 million sq.mi. area of
ocean all the way to Hawaii

43. d. Meanwhile, Back in Europe…
--The fall of the Alexandrian library led to the Dark Ages in Europe

44. --Vikings attacked the Europeans with superior sailing skills until the Europeans perfected their defenses

45. --Vikings found Iceland and
Greenland when blown off course
looking for easier raids

46. --Vikings colonized Iceland by 700 AD, Greenland by 995 AD

47. --Accidentally found the North American coast in 986 by missing Greenland

48. --Called Newfoundland Vinland, because of the grapes they found

49. --settled Vinland in 1000 AD,
abandoned in 1020

50. e. Chinese Contributions --Dark Ages did not affect China

51. --between 1405 and 1433, they sent 300 ships exploring the Indian Ocean, Indonesia, and around the tip of Africa just to show off their power

52. --invented the compass, the
rudder, watertight compartments,
and multiple sail systems

53. --Chinese quit ocean exploration in 1433 due to changes in political beliefs

54. f. The Age of Discovery: From Prince Henry to Magellan
--Renaissance ended the Dark Ages, ushered in the Age of Discovery

55. --Constantinople captured by Turks in 1453, cutting off overland spice trade

56. --Ocean exploration sought water routes to reestablish trade

57. --Prince Henry the Navigator was from the royal house of Portugal

58. --set up a school for marine science and navigation

59. --didn’t sail much himself, but sent out many voyages

60. --started using the compass
secretly, Europeans still thought
it was magic and unreliable

61. --Christopher Columbus-credited with discovering North America, even though native peoples were already here.

62. --Ferdinand Magellan-credited with being the first
explorer to
circumnavigate the
globe, even though
he died before the
end of the trip

64. Voyaging for Science
--After the Age of Discovery, British
sea power arose to compete with Spain
and France.

65. --Admiral de Bougainville of France sailed into the South Pacific in the mid-1760s and claimed French Polynesia in This opened the door for European nations in the Pacific.

66. James Cook
--British Royal Navy, commander of
many missions for the British circling
the world, looking for new continents,
searching for a northwest passage
above North America, first
known for voyaging just for
the sake of science

68. The Longitude Problem
--Latitude could be calculated using
the stars, but longitude needed a
reliable clock to go
by. Pendulum clocks of the time
were useless on
ships.

69. --John Harrison, in 1728, invented the
first chronometer, driven by springs
instead of pendulums.

70. The Sampling Problem
--snaking of the sampling line made
noting location difficult, the weight of
the line made it difficult to know when
you hit bottom, sampling was time
consuming and unreliable

71. --Sir John Ross and nephew designed a
clamping sampler in 1818 that was
much more reliable, they also took
reliable soundings (depths) of the
ocean floor

72. --Fridtjof Nansen
perfected the deep
sampling bottle near
the end of the1800s,
it is still named after
him, sampling at
depth still remains
difficult

73. The First Scientific Expeditions
The United States Exploring Expedition
--The Smithsonian Institution used the United States Exploring Expedition as the nucleus of its scientific collection.

74. The Work of Matthew Maury
Charles Darwin and HMS Beagle
The Rise of Modern Sea Power
Alfred Thayer Mahan
The Challenger Expedition

75. --Challenger-the first “pure” science expedition, used the term oceanography for the first time

76. Voyages for Science in the Twentieth Century
Polar Exploration
Marine Archaeology
--read about this topic on p.27
Other Twentieth Century Voyages

77. The Rise of Oceanographic Institutions
--Future research will be done through
private, institutional, and national
oceanographic institutions.

78. Satellite Oceanography
--TOPEX/Poseidon
Alphabetic Oceanography
--Glomar Challenger
History in Progress
--Current research is funded through
academic institutions or governmental
agencies, usually publicly funded.

81. You should have information on these explorers and missions in your
Explorer’s Notes from last week:
Challenger expedition
Benjamin Franklin
Meteor expedition
John Harrison
United States Exploring Expedition
Ferdinand Magellan
Alfred Thayer Mahan
The Polynesians
Matthew Maury
The Vikings
Prince Henry the Navigator
 Christopher Columbus
James Cook
Charles Darwin
Eratosthenes of Cyrene