1. Adaptations and policies for food security
Presented by
Johann Bell

2. Authors
This presentation is based on Chapter 13 ‘Adapting tropical Pacific fisheries and aquaculture to climate change: management measures, policies and investments’ in the book Vulnerability of Tropical Pacific Fisheries and Aquaculture to Climate Change, edited by JD Bell, JE Johnson and AJ Hobday and published by SPC in The authors of Chapter 13 are: Johann Bell, Neil Andrew, Michael Batty, Lindsay Chapman, Jeffrey Dambacher, Brian Dawson, Alex Ganachaud, Peter Gehrke, John Hampton, Alistair Hobday, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Johanna Johnson, Jeff Kinch, Robert Le Borgne, Patrick Lehodey, Janice Lough, Tim Pickering, Morgan Pratchett, Aliti Vunisea and Michelle Waycott

3. Purpose
Practical adaptations and policies are needed to minimise and fill the gap

4. Adaptation decision framework
Addresses climate change
Long-term Loss
Long-term Gain
Lose-Lose X
Lose-Win
Win-Win x
Near-term Loss
Addresses present drivers
Win-Lose
Near-term Gain
After Grafton (2010)

5. Win-win adaptations Manage and restore vegetation cover in catchments
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Manage and restore vegetation cover in catchments
Improves resilience of coral reef, mangrove and seagrass habitats

6. Win-win adaptations Sustain production of fish stocks
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W-W
L-L
W-L
Sustain production of fish stocks
Maintaining spawning adults will help ensure replenishment and build resilience of key species

7. Win-win adaptations
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W-W
L-L
W-L
Store and distribute tuna and bycatch from industrial fleets to urban areas

8. Win-win adaptations
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W-W
L-L
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Increase access to tuna with anchored inshore Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs)

9. Win-win adaptations Improve post-harvest methods L-W W-W L-L W-L
Photo: Jocelyn Carlin

10. Win-win adaptations
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Develop pond aquaculture in rural and peri-urban areas
Photo: Ben Ponia

11. Win-win adaptations
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Develop coastal fisheries for small pelagic species ?
Photo: Nathalie Behring

12. Other adaptations
Provide for landward migration of coastal fish habitats
L-W
W-W
L-L
W-L

13. Other adaptations Reduce and diversify catches of demersal fish
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Greater focus on herbivorous fish

14. Other adaptations Allow for expansion of freshwater fish habitats L-W
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15. Other adaptations Modify locations and infrastructure for aquaculture
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Modify locations and infrastructure for aquaculture

16. Suggested supporting policies
Strengthen governance of agriculture, forestry and mining practices to prevent soil loss and pollution, to safeguard fish habitats and water quality
Minimise barriers to migration of coastal and freshwater habitats
Promote mangrove replanting programmes
Apply ‘primary fisheries management’ to coastal and freshwater stocks to maintain their potential for replenishment

17. Suggested supporting policies
Restrict export of demersal fish to retain them for national food security
Increase access to tuna for the food security by reducing national allocations to industrial fleets
Capitalise on opportunities for freshwater pond aquaculture
Limit farming of Nile tilapia to catchments where tilapia species are already established, or there is a shortage of fish

18. Key investments
Revegetation of catchments to trap sediment and maintain riparian (stream side) buffer zones
Modify infrastructure to allow habitats to migrate
Implement community-based ecosystem approach to fisheries management
Develop business models and incentives to store, process and distribute of low-cost tuna and bycatch
Assess feasibility of using licence fees to offset cost of locally-canned tuna for inland populations

19. Key investments Surveys of best sites for installing inshore FADs
Programmes to install and maintain FADs
Identify prime locations for peri-urban and rural pond aquaculture
Hatcheries and networks to deliver juveniles
Evaluate merits of micro-credit schemes to develop fisheries around FADs; expand pond aquaculture; and scale-up post-harvest processing

20. Conclusions
Win-win adaptations are available to reduce risks and capitalise on opportunities
Supporting policies and investments are needed
Integrate adaptations, policies and investments into national strategies and action plans for climate change, including community-based actions supported by partners