1. Making Vaccines

2. Phagocytes Granulocyte Macrophages Dendritic cells
Smaller, larger numbers
Eat until die
Largest part of Pus
Macrophages
Slower, but larger and live longer
Begin as monocytes (type of white blood cell)
Dendritic cells
Filter body fluids and remove foreign particles

4. Lymphocytes (white blood cells)
T Cells
Helper T
Killer T
B Cells
Plasma
Memory

8. Vaccine-preventable Diseases
Anthrax
Cervical Cancer
Diphtheria
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Haemophilus influenzae type b
Human Papillomavirus
Influenza
Japanese encephalitis
Lyme disease
Measles
Meningococcal
Monkey pox
Mumps
Pertussis
Pneumococcal
Polio
Rabies
Rotavirus
Rubella
Shingles
Smallpox
Tetanus
Typhoid
Tuberculosis
Varicella
Yellow Fever
Source: CDC

9. Effective Vaccines Have low levels of side effects or toxicity.
Protect against exposure to natural, or wild forms of the pathogen.
Should stimulate both an antibody (B-cell) response and a cell mediated (T-cell) response.
Have long term, lasting effects that produce immunological memory.
Should not require numerous doses or boosters
Are inexpensive, have a long shelf life and are easy to administer.

10. Routes of Administration
The majority of vaccines are administered by injection
Subcutaneous
Intramuscular
Intradermal
Oral vaccines are available for only a few diseases

11. Types of Vaccines Killed whole cells or inactivated viruses
Even though they are harmless, they still contain recognizable antigens on their surface
Because the microbe does not multiply, larger doses and more boosters are required.
Live, attenuated (weakened) cells or viruses
Vaccines are longer-lasting and require fewer boosters
However, the disease agent could mutate back to pathogenic strain

12. Types of Vaccines Toxoid vaccines
A purified toxin produced by the antigen is used to elicit immune response.
Genetically engineered microbes or microbial antigens
Genes for microbial antigens are inserted into a plasmid vector and are cloned in appropriate hosts.
The resultant protein product is used to provoke immune system.
DNA vaccines
These vaccines contain all or part of the pathogen DNA, which is used to “infect” a recipient’s cells.

13. Herd Immunity
More individuals that are immune decreases the incidence of the disease and the occurrence of the pathogen.
With greater numbers immunized, it is less likely that an unimmunized person will encounter the pathogen.
Mass vaccination confers indirect protection for those who do not receive the vaccine resulting in “herd immunity”.