1. Valsartan Protects Pancreatic Islets and Adipose Tissue From the Inflammatory and Metabolic Consequences of a High-Fat Diet in Mice
by Banumathi K. Cole, Susanna R. Keller, Runpei Wu, Jeffrey D. Carter, Jerry L. Nadler, and Craig S. Nunemaker
Hypertension
Volume 55(3):
March 1, 2010
Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. Figure 1. Valsartan reduces fasting BG and nonfasting serum insulin in Western diet–fed mice.
Figure 1. Valsartan reduces fasting BG and nonfasting serum insulin in Western diet–fed mice. A, Mean body weights at the start (□) and end (▪) of the 12-week diet for various treatment groups. B, Overnight fasting BG and (C) nonfasting serum insulin levels for each treatment group. *P<0.05 vs chow; †P<0.05 vs west. n=13 to 14 mice per group.
Banumathi K. Cole et al. Hypertension. 2010;55:
Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved.

3. Figure 2. Valsartan improves glucose tolerance.
Figure 2. Valsartan improves glucose tolerance. BG levels were measured at the indicated time points after an intraperitoneal glucose injection. §P<0.01 by 2-way ANOVA. n=13 to 14 mice per group.
Banumathi K. Cole et al. Hypertension. 2010;55:
Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved.

4. Figure 3. Valsartan improves glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in islets.
Figure 3. Valsartan improves glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in islets. Islets were incubated for 1 hour in 3 mmol/L of glucose (3G), followed by 1 hour in 28 mmol/L of glucose (28G), and insulin in medium was measured in nanograms per milliliter. GSI is the ratio of 28G:3G. *P<0.05, ***P<0.001, #P=0.052 vs chow; †P<0.05 vs west. Sets of 30 islets were used for each replicate per treatment group; n=8 to 10 replicates.
Banumathi K. Cole et al. Hypertension. 2010;55:
Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved.

5. Figure 4. Valsartan stimulates mitochondrial activity.
Figure 4. Valsartan stimulates mitochondrial activity. A, Percentage of change in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) measured by rh123 fluorescence; n>30 islets for each treatment group. B, Mitochondrial activity measured by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay; n=4 sets of islets for each treatment group. *P<0.05 vs chow; †P<0.05 vs west.
Banumathi K. Cole et al. Hypertension. 2010;55:
Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved.

6. Figure 5. Adipose tissue macrophage counts, adipose tissue weight, and adipocyte size.
Figure 5. Adipose tissue macrophage counts, adipose tissue weight, and adipocyte size. A, Valsartan reduces macrophage infiltration into visceral fat as determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis; n=4 mice per group. The macrophage count was normalized to gram of starting epididymal fat tissue. B, Weights from epididymal fat pads used for measuring macrophage infiltration; n=4 mice per group. C, Average area of adipocytes from mice; n=3 to 4 mice per group. *P<0.05 vs chow; †P<0.05 vs west.
Banumathi K. Cole et al. Hypertension. 2010;55:
Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved.