1. Overview of Epidemiology and Contribution of Obesity to Cardiovascular Disease 
Marjorie Bastien, Paul Poirier, Isabelle Lemieux, Jean-Pierre Després 
Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 
Volume 56, Issue 4, Pages (January 2014)
DOI: /j.pcad
Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

2. Fig 1
Relationships between adiposity indices, intermediate risk factors and cardiovascular events in the general population. Under this model, most of the association between adiposity indices and cardiovascular disease is explained by altered levels of intermediate risk factors. However, increased adiposity indices are the main drivers behind the altered levels of intermediate risk factors. Abbreviations: BMI: Body mass index; WHR: waist-to-hip ratio.
Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases  , DOI: ( /j.pcad )
Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

3. Fig 2
Contribution of the selection bias in the obesity paradox in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Under this model, patients with CVD* are no longer characterized by the distribution of CVD risk factors/behaviors observed in the entire population. It is proposed that nonobese individuals who developed CVD in the absence of overall obesity may have been exquisitely more prone to CVD due to factors other than obesity. This could partly explain why, among individuals with CVD, obesity is associated with lower mortality. Other important confounding factors for the body mass index (BMI)/obesity paradox include: lack of control for individual variation in body fat distribution (visceral adiposity/ectopic fat), cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle mass/cachexia, frailty, physical activity/inactivity level, nutritional quality and intake, markers of adipose tissue function/quality, underlying diseases, etc.
Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases  , DOI: ( /j.pcad )
Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

4. Fig 3
Abnormalities increasing risk of cardiovascular disease among overweight/obese individuals with excess visceral adipose tissue/ectopic fat. Abbreviations: Apo: apolipoprotein; FFA: free fatty acids; AT: adipose tissue.
Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases  , DOI: ( /j.pcad )
Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions