1. V-Chip’s Product Manager Joe Rapoza
This is a presentation of Cornell Dubilier’s surface mount aluminum electrolytic capacitors.
Or, “V-Chips” as we refer to them because of their vertical cylindrical shape. They are basically radial leaded sub miniature aluminum electrolytic capacitors adapted to surface mounting technology.
Cornell Dubilier offers six different V-Chip series covering a broad performance spectrum designed to bring optimized capacitor solutions to a wide range of applications.
You will see, as you go through this presentation, that CDE’s product offering is comprehensive, and is as competitive, as any other that is currently offered.
Product Manager
Joe Rapoza

2. V-Chip Features Why do we use aluminum electrolytics? Economical
Fail open at end of life
Voltage ratings to 450Vdc
Operate at full rated voltage
Wider capacitance range than tantalum
Good ripple current capability
Better suited to automation than radial leaded through hole electrolytics.
Why would you use conventional aluminum electrolytics over other electrolytic types such as; solid tantalum, or the new solid polymer/aluminum types, or the tantalum polymer hybrids?
The answer is that aluminum electrolytics are economical, you get a lot of capacitance value in relatively small case sizes. Typically, V-Chips cost up to 80% less than comparable solid tantalum capacitors.
And, at end of life there is no catastrophic failure like short circuiting, they fail open, and don’t short circuit or catch fire like solid tantalum capacitors do.
And, V-Chips are rated up to 450 Vdc. Solid tantalum capacitors are only rated to 50 Vdc, and unlike solid tantalum capacitors, you don’t have to voltage derate with temperature.
V-Chip capacitance values extend all the way to 6800 mF, or about seven times more capacitance than what you will find in solid tantalum.
Ripple current capabilities are up to about 2.0 amps.
Finally, improvements in tape transport ‘pick and place’ machines and improved end seal design enables better placement accuracy and compatibility to reflow soldering processes.

3. V-Chip Construction Separator Paper Cathode (-) Foil Separator Paper
Separator papers act
as a medium to hold electrolyte in contact with the AlO2 dielectric.
Separator Paper
Cathode (-) Foil
Separator Paper
Anode(+) Foil
V-Chips are polarized devices as are all electrolytic capacitors.
They have a positive and a negative terminal.
The positive (+) terminal connects to the capacitor’s anode. The anode is highly etched aluminum foil on which aluminum oxide (AlO2 ) has been formed in a chemical bath with electrical current passing through it. This oxide formation serves as the capacitor’s dielectric. The thickness of the aluminum oxide determines the capacitor’s voltage rating. The thicker the oxide layer the higher the voltage rating. However, the down side to thicker dielectric is that capacitance value is inversely proportional to dielectric thickness. To make up for thicker dielectrics more foil area (more aluminum) is required to achieve desired capacitance values.
Separator papers hold the liquid electrolyte, which is actually the capacitor’s cathode, in contact with the aluminum oxide.
The negative (-) terminal of the capacitor is connected to an unetched aluminum foil that acts as a collector plate to collect electrical currents that will flow through the capacitor in actual operation.
To make connection to the capacitor elements, lead wires are either welded or crimped to the anode and cathode foils.

4. Capacitor Element is Wound Up
V-Chip Construction
Capacitor Element is Wound Up
Separator Paper
Anode (+)
Leads
The foils and separators are wound together to form, the ‘capacitor element’ sometimes referred to as a capacitor section.
Cathode (-)

5. V-Chip Construction End Seal Liquid Electrolyte Can Capacitor Element
Terminals are flattened and bent at 90°after installation of end seal and header (not shown).
The capacitor element is inserted into an aluminum can* and liquid electrolyte is added. A composite resin end seal with a rubber ‘O’ ring is dropped into the can and crimped to form an end seal. After end sealing a plastic spacer or header(not shown in this slide) is dropped down over the lead wires. Leads are then “coined” (flattened) and bent 90° to form surface mount terminations.
* Aluminum can has an integral safety vent designed into top of the can to safely relieve or vent internal gas pressures that result when the voltage applied to the capacitor is applied in reversed polarity or in the case when excessive over voltage is applied.
Can
Capacitor
Element

6. Completed V-Chip Assembly
This is a bottom view of a completed V-Chip assembly showing the terminations. V-Chip are designed for reflow solder processes only.
Leads lay flat
on PC Board

7. V-Chip Performance

8. Keys to V-Chip Performance
Low Equivalent Series Resistance
Electrolyte Formulation is Critical
Smaller sizes
High Gain Aluminum Foil
Minimize Equivalent Series Inductance
Short Lead Lengths
The key to performance is low E.S.R.
The foil quality also adds to performance as well as case size reduction.
E.S.L. is the key factor in limiting the capacitor’s ability to perform at higher frequencies(over 500 kHz). Lowering the E.S.L. increases the capacitor’s high frequency performance range.

9. Electrolytes Are Important
An electrolytic capacitor’s temperature and frequency performance is dependent on the electrolyte employed in its’ design.
Electrolytes determine the capacitor’s ESR characteristics versus temperature and frequency.
New developments in aqueous, amide based low ESR electrolytes result in improved high frequency performance and higher ripple current ratings.
In an electrolytic capacitor, performance over temperature and frequency is primarily dependent on the type of electrolyte employed in the capacitor’s design.
How well that capacitor performs over a temperature and frequency range ends up being a function of the capacitor's equivalent series resistance (E.S.R.) which is determined by the electrolyte employed.
E.S.R. in the “ideal capacitor” would be “zero” ohms and would stay at “zero” over an entire operating temperature and frequency range. However, in the real world this is not the case.
For improved capacitor performance, the objective is to strive for the lowest possible E.S.R. that is stable over wide temperature and operating frequency ranges.
Recent developments in new low ESR, aqueous, amide based electrolytes have resulted in electrolyte formulations that yield lower capacitor E.S.R.s while providing optimum temperature and frequency performance. Bottom line is improved high frequency performance and greater ripple current capability in smaller case sizes. CDE Type AFK is an example of a V-Chip series taking advantage of these latest developments.

10. Aluminum Foil Key Factors High Quality High Purity Aluminum
High Gain Anode Foils
Result smaller capacitors with comparable
performance to competitor's capacitors in
larger can sizes.
High quality, high gain, anode foil results in more capacitance per unit volume, thus shrinking can sizes. Result, smaller capacitors with comparable performance to competitor's capacitors in larger can sizes.

11. Vertical Cylindrical Case Styles
V-Chip package style has a few advantages:
Compared to the “lay down dog house” styles, V-Chips save on PC board real estate.
Typically, better high frequency performance than comparable through hole types and “dog house” styles because shorter lead lengths result in lower E.S.L.
This slide explains itself.

12. Performance Charts Type AVS Type AFK Typ. ESR @ 120 Hz/25 OC = 3.45W
We put a great deal of emphasis on product performance and have made an effort to provide charts and other tools that will assist engineers in the selection of just the right capacitor for the job to be done.
CDE’s product literature includes performance charts (as shown on here) for all of our V-Chip series. These charts show what our V-Chips will do over their operating temperature and frequency ranges. They are also a valuable tool to compare the performance of one capacitor series to another.
Referencing the two charts on this slide, you see that we have indicated on the slide the typical E.S.R. values for two 100 mF, 16 Vdc rated V-Chips in 6.3 by 5.4 mm case sizes. The E.S.R. values are actual recorded values taken at 25oC and 120 Hz for an AVS series capacitor (on the left) and a high performance AFK series capacitor (on the right).
Notice that the E.S.R. of the AFK series capacitor is 40% lower than the AVS series capacitor with the same rating and in the same case size.
Knowing actual E.S.R. values recorded at 25oC and 120 Hz and with the aid of these charts it is possible to predict a E.S.R. values at other operating temperatures and frequencies.
45°C
65°C
85°C
5°C
Typ. 120 Hz/25 OC = 3.45W
Typ. 120 Hz/25 OC =2.12W

13. V-Chip Selection

14. Available Series AVS - General Purpose AHA - Long Life
AHD - Extra Long Life
AFC - Low Impedance, Long Life
AFK - Low Impedance, Long Life, Smaller Case Sizes
AEB - High Voltage ( Vdc)
This is a snap shot of the six CDE V-Chip series covered in this presentation:
AVS - General purpose to 85°C, up to 100 Vdc and 1500µF
AHA - Long Life, up to 105°C temp rating, up to 100Vdc and 1500µF
AHD - Extra Long Life, 105°C up to 100 Vdc and 330µF
AFC - Low Impedance, 105°C, up to 50Vdc and 1500 Vdc, for low impedance applications
AFK - Low ESR, up to 105°C, up to 100 Vdc and 6800µF. Very high CV ratings, very low ESR and Impedance. The lower the ESR, the less capacitors/capacitance needed .
AEB - High Voltage, 105°C, up to 450 Vdc and 100µF. For high voltage applications such as inverters and ballasts.

15. Capacitance & Voltage Range
Capacitance Range : µF
Voltage Range : 4.0 to 450 Vdc
In summary this is the capacitance and voltage range covered by the six V-Chip series offered.
Capacitance: µF
Voltage: 4.0 to 450 Vdc

16. Capacitance & Voltage Range
This slide presents what we said on the previous slide in words in graphic form. It is significant to note that five of the six series cover about the same voltage and capacitance ranges while the AEB, high voltage series, stands apart from them. Aside from the AEB series, there are other characteristics and performance criteria that differentiate each if the five other series.
Load life and impedance characteristics are two criteria that differentiate each series as we will see on the following two slides.

17. Load Life Comparison @ 85°C
Can Diameter
(4-10 mm)
( mm)
( mm)
(10x17.5 mm)
Hours
(10x13.5 mm)
This slide compares the load life ratings of the V-Chip series we have in our catalog with reference to +85oC. This chart is helpful in selecting the appropriate series for a desired load life.
The reason for the +85oC reference is because it is representative of the lowest performance series and is our base reference point. The AVS series is only rated up to +85oC.
A couple of things to remember about aluminum electrolytics is that; 1.) for every 10°C decrease in operating temperature load life doubles. A capacitor rated for 5000 hour life at +105oC will have 20,000 hours of life at +85oC and, 2.) the lower the temperature that aluminum electrolytics are stored at before use extends shelf life in the same manner. Parts stored at room temperature (+25°C) with a shelf life rating of 1000 hours at 105°C would have a shelf life of 256,000 hours or 29.2 years.
(8-10 mm)
(4-10 mm)
(4-6.3 mm)
(4-10 mm)
(3-10 mm)

18. Impedance Comparison AVS AHA AHD AFC AFK
This slide compares the impedance ranges at 100 kHz of each of the five series. So if low impedance at high frequency is the criteria, you need to look to the AFC and AFK series capacitors.
AFK

19. CDE V-Chip Series

20. AVS Series General Purpose Temperature Range:-40 to +85°C
2000 Hour Load +85°C
Voltage Range: 4 Vdc to 100 Vdc
Capacitance Range: 0.1µF to 1500µF
Impedance/E.S.R. not a critical factor
General Purpose
Temperature Range:-40 to +85°C
2000 Hour Load +85°C
Voltage Range: 4 Vdc to 100 Vdc
Capacitance Range: 0.1µF to 1500µF
Impedance/E.S.R. not a critical factor

21. AHA Series Long Life Temperature Range: -55 to +105°C
1000/2000 Hour Load +105°C
Voltage Range: 6.3 Vdc to 100 Vdc
Capacitance Range: 0.1µF to 1500µF
Impedance/E.S.R. not a critical factor
Long Life
Temperature Range: -55 to +105°C
1000/2000 Hour Load +105°C
Voltage Range: 6.3 Vdc to 100 Vdc
Capacitance Range: 0.1µF to 1500µF
Impedance/E.S.R. not a critical factor

22. AHD Series Extra Long Life Temperature Range: -40 to +105°C
5000 Hour Load 105°C
Voltage Range: 10 Vdc to 100 Vdc
Capacitance Range: 0.47µF to 330µF
Use where load life is critical factor
Extra Long Life
Temperature Range: -40 to +105°C
5000 Hour Load 105°C
Voltage Range: 10 Vdc to 100 Vdc
Capacitance Range: 0.47µF to 330µF
Use where load life is critical factor

23. AFC Series Low Impedance Temperature Range: -55 to +105°C
1000 Hour Load +105°C
Voltage Range: 6.3 Vdc to 50 Vdc
Capacitance Range: 1.0µF to 1500µF
Use where Low Impedance is a critical factor
Low Impedance
Temperature Range: -55 to +105°C
1000 Hour Load +105°C
Voltage Range: 6.3 Vdc to 50 Vdc
Capacitance Range: 1.0µF to 1500µF
Use where Low Impedance is a critical factor

24. AFK Series Lowest ESR, Lowest Impedance
Temperature Range: -55 to +105°C
2000/5000 Hour Load +105°C
Voltage Range: 6.3 Vdc to 100 Vdc
Capacitance Range: 3.3µF to 6800µF
Use where Low ESR/Low Impedance are critical factors
Lowest ESR, Lowest Impedance
Temperature Range: -55 to +105°C
2000/5000 Hour Load +105°C
Voltage Range: 6.3 Vdc to 100 Vdc
Capacitance Range: 3.3µF to 6800µF
Use where Low E.S.R./Low Impedance are critical factors

25. AEB Series High Voltage, Low Impedance
Temperature Range: -20 to +105°C
3000/4000/5000 Hour Load +105°C
Voltage Range: 160 Vdc to 450 Vdc
Capacitance Range: 2.2µF to 100µF
Used in circuits containing rectified 110/220 Vac
High Voltage, Low Impedance
Temperature Range: -20 to +105°C
3000/4000/5000 Hour Load +105°C
Voltage Range: 160 Vdc to 450 Vdc
Capacitance Range: 2.2µF to 100µF
Used in circuits containing rectified 110/220 Vac

26. Competitors

27. Competitors - Who Are They?
Panasonic
Nichicon
United Chemi-con
Sanyo
Elna
Rubycon
Looking at who else offers V-Chips, we have competitors who actually manufacture V-Chips. Those that manufacture are:
Panasonic
Nichicon
United Chemi-con
Sanyo
Elna
Rubycon

28. Competitor Strengths State of the art manufacturing
Volume price leadership
Super high volume manufacturing capability on state of the art manufacturing equipment.
They continually work to improve manufacturing processes, productivity and efficiency through statistical process control.
R & D is at the leading edge, they offer the latest in capacitor technologies.
Quality is excellent.
Hard to beat their prices in high volume markets.

29. Competitor Weaknesses
Sales concentration is on high volume
Leave tier 2, 3, and 4 accounts to distribution
Local technical/customer service is weak
Basically a communications problem
Slow response times
Rigid policies and procedures
Lack flexibility, decision making pushed upstairs
Their strength can also be one of their weaknesses, because of their high investments in capital equipment and R&D. For an acceptable return on investment they need to keep manufacturing facilities at optimum maximum output. Ideally, that’s 24/7. As a result they seek high volume accounts to keep manufacturing lines humming and leave R.O.W. accounts to distribution sales channels, which, incidentally they are not always good at.
Local technical and customer service is weak, communication (language) is a problem and response time to inquiries is generally slow.
Rigid policies and procedures are also a part of the culture.
Decision making is always pushed ‘upstairs’.

30. Other Competitors Buy / Re-Sell Operations NIC Illinois Capacitor
Tecate
These companies buy and re-sell V-Chips.
Buy / Re-Sell Operations

31. Cross-Reference - Mfgrs.
Complete cross-references for the above manufacturers V-Chips can be found in CDE’s ‘World Info Center’ on-line.

32. Cross-Reference - Buy/Sell
The same is true for these suppliers all you have to do is access CDE’s e ‘World Info Center’ on-line, type in the competitor’s part number to get the CDE cross reference.

33. Market Information

34. Market Information Growing Market for V-Chips
North America TAM :$57 million (estimate)
Generally viewed as commodity product
except perhaps for high voltage ratings
First approval not as important
price/stock often deciding factor
North American market is estimated to be worth $57 million
or about 670 million pieces.

35. World Wide V-Chip Consumption
World consumption for SMT aluminum electrolytics is
estimated at approximately $570 million.
Europe $ million
Japan $ million
North America $ million
R.O.W $ million
Total Value $570 million

36. Competition in N.A.
NIC has a big slice of this pie even though they don’t
manufacture products themselves. They basically buy
and resell private labeled product.
Their success can be attributed to excellent service and
product availability.
Nichicon once had about a 70% share of the North America
market.

37. Markets Served Power Conversion Telecommunication/xDSL Computers
Security/Alarm Equipment
Audio/Visual
Consumer Entertainment Products
V-Chips are to electronics what spark plugs are to the internal combustion engine, they are everywhere. Here are a few examples of some of the industries that use V-Chips:
Power Conversion (merchant power supply manufacturers)
Telecommunication/xDSL
Computers
Security/Alarm Equipment
Audio/Visual
Consumer Entertainment Products
Next we will show you specific circuit applications.

38. Application

39. How Used Typical V-Chip Circuit Functions
Input/Output Ripple Filtering
Bypassing - Low Frequency Noise Filtering
Power Supply De-coupling (DC supply hold up)
These are the jobs V-Chips perform in electronic circuits
Ripple Filtering (smoothing)
By passing and/or EMI noise filtering
Energy storage - power supply decoupling.

40. Applications Product : CCD cameras (video systems , security systems)
Application: On-board energy storage, DC supply line hold-up and noise filtering
Product : CCD cameras (video systems , security systems)
Application: On-board energy storage, DC supply line hold-up and noise filtering
4 - 6 SMT Aluminum per board

41. Applications
Product : Video accelerator and sound cards
Application: On-board energy storage, DC supply line hold-up and noise filtering
Product : Video accelerator and sound cards
Application: On-board energy storage, DC supply line hold-up and noise filtering
(19) SMT Aluminum per board

42. Applications
Product : (DFP) digital flat-panel display card
Application: On-board energy storage, DC supply line hold-up and noise filtering
Product : (DFP) digital flat-panel display card
Application: On-board energy storage, DC supply line hold-up and noise filtering
(15) SMT Aluminum per board

43. Applications Product : Digital Television (DTV)
Application: On-board energy storage, DC supply line hold-up and noise filtering
Product : Digital Television (DTV)
Application: On-board energy storage, DC supply line hold-up and noise filtering
(15) SMT Aluminum per board

44. Applications Product : Telecommunication Network Interface Cards
Application: On-board energy storage, DC supply line hold-up and noise filtering
Product : Telecommunication Network Interface Cards
Application: On-board energy storage, DC supply line hold-up and noise filtering
(3) SMT Aluminum per board
(1) SMT Aluminum per board

45. Applications Product : Modems
Application: On-board energy storage, DC supply line hold-up and noise filtering
Product : Modems
Application: On-board energy storage, DC supply line hold-up and noise filtering
(3) 16VDC SMT Aluminum
(1) 16VDC SMT Aluminum

46. Applications
Product : VME bus motherboard (“VME” is widely accepted back-plane interconnection bus system developed by a consortium of companies led by Motorola, now standardized as IEEE )
Application: On-board energy storage, DC supply line hold-up and noise filtering
Product : VME bus motherboard (“VME” is widely accepted back-plane interconnection bus system developed by a consortium of companies led by Motorola, now standardized as IEEE )
Application: On-board energy storage, DC supply line hold-up and noise filtering
(9) SMT Aluminum per board

47. Applications Product : DC-DC Converters
Application: Input and Output circuit energy storage and noise filtering
DC-DC Converters:
Commonly used in…
Portable instruments
Battery operated digital devices
Industrial power distribution
Avionics systems
Telecom power supplies
Notebook and palmtop computers
GPS systems
Cellular phones
Product : DC-DC Converters
Application: Input and Output circuit energy storage and noise filtering
(3) SMT Aluminum

48. Applications Product : High Performance Video Gaming (41) SMT Aluminum

49. Applications
Product : Programmable controller for machine, embedded and OEM control applications
(2) SMT Aluminum
per board
Product : Programmable controller for machine, embedded and OEM control applications
Application: On-board energy storage, DC supply line hold-up and noise filtering typically low voltage ( +5VDC) operation
Application: On-board energy storage,
DC supply line hold-up and
noise filtering typically
low voltage ( +5VDC) operation

50. Applications Product : Computer motherboard
Application: On-board energy storage, DC supply line hold-up and noise filtering
Product : Computer motherboard
Application: On-board energy storage, DC supply line hold-up and noise filtering
This is a good example of decoupling (energy storage). CPU demands current(P4 up to 100 Amps), V-Chip supplies it.
(2) SMT Aluminum per board

51. Focus Products

52. AFK Series Low E.S.R., Long Life, Reduced Size
Specifically designed for low-E.S.R. applications.
Serves to eliminate “Cap Farms”
Competitively priced
All ratings in stock
Low ESR is the key in DC/DC converter performance from the stand point of ripple filtering and ripple current handling capability as well as power supply hold up. The AFK series meets the challenge.
One Type AFK series capacitor can sometimes replace 3 or 4 capacitors of other types on outputs of DC/DC converters. The AFK series is a potential “Cap Farm” killer. “Cap Farm definition - when a number of capacitors are paralleled on power supply outputs to achieve low E.S.R. to minimize ripple voltage, handle ripple current and hold up power supply voltages we some times refer to this arrangement as a “Cap Farm”.
The AFK series offers reduced component count savings on board real estate and component handling and placement costs.
And the AFK series is still priced lower than comparable tantalum capacitors.

53. AEB Series High Voltage, Low Impedance
Designed to replace radial leaded high-voltage capacitors in the conversion from thru-hole to surface mount design.
Competitively priced
All ratings in stock
The AEB series is the newest addition to the V-Chip line up.
The AEB series as we noted earlier is an SMT aluminum electrolytic capacitor with high voltage and high ripple current capability.
It is designed to replace radial leaded high-voltage capacitors in the conversion from through-hole to surface mount design.
And, priced under one dollar.

54. Sales Resource

55. www.cornell-dubilier.com What’s Available on the Web Site
Up-to-date Product Information
Rep Info Center
Sample Ordering
Cross-referencing
Product Training
Product Availability
When was the last time you were on line and took advantage of this resource?

56. Contacts Commercial issues, price and delivery:
Terri Medeiros
Technical Information, applications:
Tom Baldwin
Sales Orders:
One of the keys to booking new business is to utilize this resource.
Don’t be bashful use the resources that are available to you.
Contact us.

57. Thank You